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Bismuth-based materials for rechargeable aqueous batteries and water desalination

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Abstract

Aqueous batteries and seawater desalination have received considerable attention in recent years due to their merits as high safety, environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. However, the scarcity of highly match electrode materials hinders their development. The exploration of high performance and low cost electrode materials is crucial for their potential applications. Bismuth (Bi), with high energy density and low redox potential, shows perspective in the field of aqueous batteries and seawater desalination, and significant progress has been achieved in the past decades. In this review, the unique properties and synthetic methods of Bi-based electrodes, as well as their applications are comprehensively summarized and discussed. The commonly used preparation methods of Bi-based electrodes, including hydrothermal method, electrodeposition method, etc., are introduced. Then, the applications of the Bi-based composites in aqueous batteries, such as Ni//Bi batteries and water desalination, are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future research direction of Bi-based materials are proposed.

Graphic Abstract

摘要

近年来,水系电池和海水淡化由于其高安全性, 环保性和成本效益而受到广泛关注。然而,缺少高度匹配的电极材料阻碍了它们的发展。因此,探索高性能和低成本的电极材料对于这些设备的潜在应用至关重要。铋 (Bi) 具有较高的能量密度和相对较低的氧化还原电位电压范围,在水性电池和海水淡化领域显示出巨大的潜力,并在过去几十年取得了重大进展。在这篇综述中,全面地总结和讨论了铋基电极的独特性能和合成方法及其近年来的应用。综述中首先介绍了常用的铋基电极制备方法,包括水热法, 电沉积法等。然后,对铋基复合材料水系电池中的应用进行了总结,如 Ni//Bi 电池和海水淡化。在文章的最后,对于铋基材料未来研究方向提出了挑战和展望。

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Fig. 1

a Synthetic route of yolk-shell Bi@C nanospheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany. b Schematic illustration of durian-like Bi0.75Sb0.25 pyramid arrays. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. c Illustration of topotactic transformation from BiOCl to T-BiNS and crystal structure transformation process of BiOCl to Bi. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [59]. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry. d Schematic illustration of synthesis procedure for P-Bi-C sample on carbon cloth. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH

Fig. 2

a Specific capacity of NiCo2O4//Bi battery during bending process and (inset) digital photos of NiCo2O4//Bi battery under normal and bending conditions. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2016, WILEY-VCH. b Capacity comparison of P-Bi-C electrode with previous studies considering mass loading. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright 2018, WILEY-VCH. c Cycling performance of Bi and A-Bi electrodes tested in a three-electrode system at 100 mV·s−1 using cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements for 20,000 cycles. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry. d Schematic illustration for synthesis of Bi@C nanospheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry. e Cycling durability of TL-Bi electrode after press treatment at 40 mV·s−1 for 14,000 cycles and without pressure at 40 mV·s−1 for 2800 cycles, and (inset) CV curves of TL-Bi electrode with press treatment before and after cycling test. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V

Fig. 3

a Bi electrodes capacity in LiOH, NaOH and KOH electrolytes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2015, MDPI. b Rreal specific capacity of L-Bi2O3 and H-Bi2O3 electrodes at different current densities. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry. c CV curves at a scan of 10 mV·s−1 of Bi2O3 and Bi2O3-x. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [81]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier B.V. d Discharge polarization curve of Al-CO2 with scrap Al as electrode. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [89]. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 4

a Pourbaix diagrams for Bi in 0.6 mol·L−1 Cl− solution at 25 °C; b linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves for reduction of BiOCl in a 0.6 mol·L−1 NaCl solution (pH 6.4, red line), and a 70 mmol·L−1 HCl solution (pH 1.15, blue line) recorded at a scan rate of 5 mV·s−1, where equilibrium reduction potential of BiOCl to Bi is marked by dashed line. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. c Process flow diagram of batch testing, where with electric current varying in positive and negative applied, salt goes through desorption and adsorption process; d electrochemical salt removal/release capacity and electric charge efficiency during cycling. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2017, The Royal Society of Chemistry. e Ion remove capacity during ions capturing step in 3 and 10 mmol·L−1 mixture. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. f Ion removal capacity of Cl− and SO42− by Bi electrode in a mixed NaCl and Na2SO4 solution with different mole ratio (MR) of Cl−/SO42− at voltage of 1.2 V. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V

Fig. 5

a Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of bismuth-carbon nanotexture composites; b discharge and charge curves and c cycling performance of AgCl/Bi battery under the current density of 1200 mA·g−1. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany. d Specific capacitance of BiOCl-CNF-1, BiOCl-CNF-2 and BiOCl-CNF-3 and pristine BiOCl in 1 mol·L−1 NaCl solution; e-g SEM images of BiOCl-CNF-1, BiOCl-CNF-2 and BiOCl-CNF-3; h comparison of desalination rate and desalination capacity plots of RCDI system assembled with BiOCl-CNF-2 electrodes and other systems from literatures; i desalination capacities and charge efficiencies of BiOCl-CNF-2-based RCDI system at various currents. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang (No. 2020R01002), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51972286, 21905246 and 22005268), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Nos. LR19E020003, LZ21E020003, LQ21E020004 and LQ20B010011) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (No. RF-B-2020004).

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  1. Xiao-Jing Dai, Xin-Xin Niu, Wang-Qin Fu and Dong Zheng contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China

    Xiao-Jing Dai, Xin-Xin Niu, Wang-Qin Fu, Dong Zheng, Wen-Xian Liu, Jian-Wei Nai, Fang-Fang Wu & Xie-Hong Cao

  2. Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China

    Wen-Hui Shi

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  1. Xiao-Jing Dai
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Dai, XJ., Niu, XX., Fu, WQ. et al. Bismuth-based materials for rechargeable aqueous batteries and water desalination. Rare Met. 41, 287–303 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-021-01853-7

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