Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sensitivity Improvement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Glucose Detection in Urine Samples Using Heterogeneous Layers: An Analytical Perspective

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Optics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A surface plasmon resonance sensor has been proposed in this study. The proposed sensor can detect glucose concentration in the urine samples and can detect a concentration of 0.15 mg/dL. Kretschmann configuration has been modified by adding the dielectric material layer between the prism and metals layer. MXene, ZnO, and graphene have been placed between a prism and bimetallic Ag layer. The sensor's performance depends on the thickness of the layers. The layer's thickness has also been optimized to obtain the minimum reflectance. The optimized thickness of the first and second Ag layers is 35 nm and 7 nm, respectively. The thickness of the monolayer of MXene, ZnO, and graphene has been taken as 0.993 nm, 2 nm, and 0.34 nm, respectively. The characteristics parameters are also computed and obtained highest at the concentration of 10 g/dL. The maximum sensitivity of 184 Degree/RIU with values of detection accuracy (DA), full width at half maximum (FWHM), and quality factor as 0.148 Degree−1, 6.756 Degree, and 27.23 RIU−1 has been obtained.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and material

No data available.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References:

  1. D. Kitenge, R.K. Joshi, M. Hirai, A. Kumar, Nanostructured silver films for surface plasmon resonance-based gas sensors. IEEE Sens. J. 9(12), 1797–1801 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2009.2031168

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. J. Homola, Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species. Chem. Rev. 108(2), 462–493 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068107d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Singh, S.K. Raghuwanshi, Sensitivity enhancement of the surface plasmon resonance gas sensor with black phosphorus. IEEE Sensors Lett. 3(12), 1–4 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LSENS.2019.2954052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. K. Jindal, M. Tomar, R.S. Katiyar, V. Gupta, N-doped ZnO thin film for development of magnetic field sensor based on surface plasmon resonance. Opt. Lett. 38(18), 3542 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.003542

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Saini et al., Lossy mode resonance-based refractive index sensor for sucrose concentration measurement. IEEE Sens. J. 20(3), 1217–1222 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2946760

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. H.M. Kullab, S.A. Taya, Peak type metal-clad waveguide sensor using negative index materials. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 67(11), 984–986 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Gan, Y. Zhao, X. Dai, Y. Xiang, Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensors with 2D franckeite nanosheets. Results Phys. 13, 102320 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. B. Dey, M.S. Islam, J. Park, Numerical design of high-performance WS2/metal/WS2/graphene heterostructure based surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor. Results Phys. 23, 104021 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J.-F. Masson, Surface plasmon resonance clinical biosensors for medical diagnostics. ACS Sensors 2(1), 16–30 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6b00763

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Johansen, H. Arwin, I. Lundström, B. Liedberg, Imaging surface plasmon resonance sensor based on multiple wavelengths: Sensitivity considerations. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71(9), 3530–3538 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1287631

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Homola, Present and future of surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 377(3), 528–539 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2101-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. A. Uniyal, B. Chauhan, A. Pal, S. Tomar, P.D. Uniyal, Surface plasmon resonance sensor for enhancement of sensitivity. J. Graph. Era Univ. 11, 177–190 (2023). https://doi.org/10.13052/jgeu0975-1416.1124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. E. Kretschmann, H. Raether, Radiative decay of non radiative surface plasmonis excited by light. Zeitschrift fur Naturforsch. Sect. A J. Phys. Sci., 23(12), 2135–2136 (1968), https://doi.org/10.1515/zna-1968-1247.

  14. A. Otto, Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection. Zeitschrift für Phys. 216(4), 398–410 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01391532

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. B. Karki, A. Uniyal, B. Chauhan, A. Pal, Sensitivity enhancement of a graphene, zinc sulfide-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor with an Ag metal configuration in the visible region. J. Comput. Electron. 21, 445–452 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-022-01854-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Panda, P.D. Pukhrambam, Modeling of high-performance SPR refractive index sensor employing novel 2D materials for detection of malaria pathogens. IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 21(2), 312–319 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNB.2021.3115906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. S.A. Taya, N.E. Al-Ashi, O.M. Ramahi, I. Colak, I.S. Amiri, Surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor using a thin layer of plasma. JOSA B 38(8), 2362–2367 (2021)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. N. Sathya, B. Karki, K.P. Rane, A. Jha, A. Pal, Tuning and sensitivity improvement of bi-metallic structure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor with 2-D \(\upvarepsilon\)-tin selenide nanosheets. Plasmonics 17, 1001–1008 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01565-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Y. Singh, M.K. Paswan, S.K. Raghuwanshi, Sensitivity enhancement of SPR sensor with the black phosphorus and graphene with Bi-layer of gold for chemical sensing. Plasmonics 16, 1781–1790 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01315-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. A. Nisha, P. Maheswari, P.M. Anbarasan, K.B. Rajesh, Z. Jaroszewicz, Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor with 2D material covered noble and magnetic material (Ni). Opt. Quant. Electron. 51, 1–12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1726-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. B. Karki, A. Uniyal, A. Pal, V. Srivastava, Advances in surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor technologies for cancer cell detection. Int. J. Opt. 2022, 1476254 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1476254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. B. Karki, A. Pal, Y. Singh, S. Sharma, Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor using 2D material barium titanate and black phosphorus over the bimetallic layer of Au, Ag, and Cu. Opt. Commun. 508, 127616 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2021.127616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. S. A. Taya et al., Surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on STO and graphene sheets for detecting two commonly used buffers: TRIS–Borate-EDTA and Dulbecco phosphate buffered saline. Plasmonics, 1–9 (2023).

  24. A.H.M. Almawgani, P. Sarkar, A. Pal, G. Srivastava, A. Uniyal, Titanium disilicide, black phosphorus – based surface plasmon resonance sensor for dengue detection. Plasmonics 18, 1223–1232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01856-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Singh et al., 2D nanomaterial-based surface plasmon resonance sensors for biosensing applications. Micromachines 11(8), 1–28 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11080779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Feng, Y. Liu, J. Teng, Design of an ultrasensitive SPR biosensor based on a graphene-MoS2 hybrid structure with a MgF2 prism. Appl. Opt. 57(14), 3639–3644 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.003639

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. M.B. Hossain, I.M. Mehedi, M. Moznuzzaman, L.F. Abdulrazak, M.A. Hossain, High performance refractive index SPR sensor modeling employing graphene tri sheets. Results Phys. 15, 102719 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Mohanty, J. Akhtar, B.K. Sahoo, Effect of semiconductor on sensitivity of a graphene-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Plasmonics 11(1), 189–196 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0033-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A. H. M. Almawgani et al., Development of a biosensor based on a surface plasmon resonance structure comprising strontium titanate, graphene and affinity layers for malaria diagnosis. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 2350190 (2023).

  30. P.S. Pandey, Y. Singh, S.K. Raghuwanshi, Theoretical analysis of the LRSPR sensor with enhance FOM for low refractive index detection using MXene and fluorinated graphene. IEEE Sens. J. 21(21), 23979–23986 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3112530

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Y. Xu, Y.S. Ang, L. Wu, L.K. Ang, High sensitivity surface plasmon resonance sensor based on two-dimensional MXene and transition metal dichalcogenide: A theoretical study. Nanomaterials 9(2), 1–11 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9020165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. G.S. Mei, P.S. Menon, G. Hegde, ZnO for performance enhancement of surface plasmon resonance biosensor: a review. Mater. Res. Express 7(1), 12003 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab66a7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. A.S. Kushwaha, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, S.K. Srivastava, A study of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biosensor with improved sensitivity. Photon. Nanostruct. Fundam. Appl. 31, 99–106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2018.06.003

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Guo, X. Wu, Z. Li, K. Tong, High-sensitivity biosensor-based enhanced SPR by ZnO/MoS2 nanowires array layer with graphene oxide nanosheet. Int. J. Opt. 2020, 7342737 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7342737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. N. Mudgal, A. Saharia, A. Agarwal, J. Ali, P. Yupapin, G. Singh, Modeling of highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for urine glucose detection. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52(6), 1–14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02427-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Salahuddin, S. Jothilingam, M. K. Alam, and A. Uniyal, Theoretical model for glucose detection in urine samples using heterogeneous layered surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. (2022). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1490362/v1

  37. S. Mostufa, A.K. Paul, K. Chakrabarti, Detection of hemoglobin in blood and urine glucose level samples using a graphene-coated SPR based biosensor. OSA Contin. 4(8), 2164 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/osac.433633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. M.N. Karim, S.R. Anderson, S. Singh, R. Ramanathan, V. Bansal, Nanostructured silver fabric as a free-standing NanoZyme for colorimetric detection of glucose in urine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 110, 8–15 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. A.H.M. Almawgani, A. Uniyal, P. Sarkar, G. Srivastava, Sensitivity enhancement of optical plasmon - based sensor for detection of the hemoglobin and glucose: a numerical approach. Opt. Quantum Electron. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05219-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. M.H. Sani, S. Khosroabadi, A novel design and analysis of high-sensitivity biosensor based on nano-cavity for detection of blood component, diabetes, cancer and glucose concentration. IEEE Sens. J. 20(13), 7161–7168 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2964114

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. W.N. Hansen, Electric fields produced by the propagation of plane coherent electromagnetic radiation in a stratified medium. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58(3), 380–390 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1364/josa.58.000380

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Singh, A.K. Sharma, P. Lohia, D.K. Dwivedi, P.K. Singh, Design and modelling of high-performance surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor using BaTiO3, MXene and nickel hybrid nanostructure. Plasmonics 17(5), 2049–2062 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-022-01692-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Sumantri et al., Simulation of hemoglobin detection using surface plasmon resonance based on kretschmann configuration. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 15(4), 2239–2247 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  44. A. Uniyal, B. Chauhan, A. Pal, V. Srivastava, InP and graphene employed surface plasmon resonance sensor for measurement of sucrose concentration: a numerical approach. Opt. Eng. 61(5), 057103 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.61.5.057103

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. D.T. Nurrohman, N.-F. Chiu, Surface plasmon resonance biosensor performance analysis on 2D material based on graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides. ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 9(11), 115023 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/abb419

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Yamamoto, Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) theory: tutorial. Rev. Polarogr. 48(3), 209–237 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. P.B. Johnson, R.W. Christy, Optical constant of the nobel metals. Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. A.H.M. Almawgani, A. Uniyal, P. Sarkar, G. Srivastava, A. Alzahrani, Creatinine detection by surface plasmon resonance sensor using layers of cerium oxide and graphene over conventional Kretschmann configuration. Plasmonics (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01891-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Y. Singh, M. Kumar, P. Sanjeev, K. Raghuwanshi, Sensitivity enhancement of SPR sensor with the black phosphorus and graphene with Bi - layer of gold for chemical sensing. Plasmonics (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01315-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. X. Li, F. Ran, F. Yang, J. Long, L. Shao, Advances in MXene films: synthesis, assembly, and applications. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 27, 217–247 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00282-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. X. Yang, H. Peng, Q. Xie, Y. Zhou, Z. Liu, Clean and efficient transfer of CVD-grown graphene by electrochemical etching of metal substrate. J. Electroanal. Chem. 688, 243–248 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. B. Karki, Y. Trabelsi, A. Uniyal, A. Pal, Zinc sulfide, silicon dioxide, and black phosphorus based ultra-sensitive surface plasmon biosensor. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 107 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03480-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. S. Pandey, S. Singh, S. Agarwal, A.K. Sharma, P. Lohia, D.K. Dwivedi, Simulation study to improve the sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance sensor by using ferric oxide, nickel and antimonene nanomaterials. Optik Stuttg. 267, 169757 (2022)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Y. Singh, S.K. Raghuwanshi, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated optical fiber-based SPR sensor in near-infrared region with bimetallic structure for enhanced sensitivity. Optik Stuttg 226, 165842 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165842

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. B. Karki, B. Vasudevan, A. Uniyal, A. Pal, V. Srivastava, Hemoglobin detection in blood samples using a graphene-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Optik Stuttg (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.169947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. A. Pal, A. Jha, A theoretical analysis on sensitivity improvement of an SPR refractive index sensor with graphene and barium titanate nanosheets. Optik Stuttg 231, 166378 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.166378

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. R.R. Nair et al., Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science. 320(5881), 1308 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156965

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. M. Bruna, S. Borini, Optical constants of graphene layers in the visible range. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(3), 1–4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3073717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Uniyal, B. Chauhan, A. Pal, Y. Singh, Surface plasmon biosensor based on Bi2Te3 antimonene heterostructure for the detection of cancer cells. Appl. Opt. 61(13), 3711–3719 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.454789

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. N. Mudgal, A. Saharia, A. Agarwal, G. Singh, ZnO and Bi-metallic (Ag–Au) layers based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with BaTiO3 and graphene for biosensing applications. IETE J. Res. 69(2), 932–939 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2020.1844074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. R. Kumar, A.S. Kushwaha, M. Srivastava, H. Mishra, S.K. Srivastava, Enhancement in sensitivity of graphene-based zinc oxide assisted bimetallic surface plasmon resonance (Spr) biosensor. Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process. 124(3), 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1606-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Q. Ouyang et al., Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28190

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funder available.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal

    Bhishma Karki

  2. National Research Council Nepal, New Baneshwor-10, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal

    Bhishma Karki

  3. Department of Physics and Research Centre, Tuljaram Chaturchand College Baramati, Pune, 413102, India

    Bhishma Karki

  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Technology Gopeshwar, Chamoli, 246424, Uttarakhand, India

    Arun Uniyal

  5. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India

    Partha Sarkar

  6. Department of ECE, School of Engineering and Technology, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India

    Amrindra Pal

  7. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, G. B. Pant Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pauri Garhwal, Uttrakhand, 246194, India

    Ram Bharos Yadav

Authors
  1. Bhishma Karki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Arun Uniyal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Partha Sarkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amrindra Pal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ram Bharos Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BK formulated the problem statement, giving the theoretical background and mathematical modeling for the SPR biosensor. He also helped in drafting and finalizing the manuscript. AU provided the theoretical background to biosensing and the importance of Optical Biosensing. He also helped in finalizing the design of the proposed sensor. PS worked towards the complete manuscript, formatting, and finalizing the manuscript. AP provided statistical analysis for the results. He provided the theoretical background to SPR biosensors. He also helped in formatting the manuscript. RBY worked towards revising the manuscript and formatting design and finalization towards developing this work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bhishma Karki.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

Not applicable. The work presented in this manuscript is mathematical modeling only for the proposed biosensor. No experiment was performed on the human body and living organism/ animal. So, ethical approval from an ethical committee is not required.

Consent to participate

I am willing to participate in the work presented in this manuscript.

Consent for publication

The author has given their consent to publish this work.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karki, B., Uniyal, A., Sarkar, P. et al. Sensitivity Improvement of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Glucose Detection in Urine Samples Using Heterogeneous Layers: An Analytical Perspective. J Opt (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-023-01418-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-023-01418-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation