Abstract
Being part of the national capital region of India, the Sonipat district of Haryana has undergone significant industrialization and urbanization through the decade. As a result, the risk of having groundwater pollution in the area is high. Major Ion concentration (Fluoride, Sulfate, and Nitrate), Heavy metal (Iron, Manganese) and Uranium concentration has been reported above the permissible limit assigned by BIS & WHO for drinking water at many locations. Therefore, Groundwater vulnerability mapping for the shallow aquifers of the district has been carried out using a GIS-based DRASTIC model to assess vulnerability to pollution. The model also considers the region’s hydrogeological conditions. To analyze the anthropogenic influence, the DRASTIC model has been extended by integrating land use land cover data from the district. The findings reveal that the degree of susceptibility has increased. The improved DRASTIC model was validated using water quality parameters (F−, SO42−, and NO3−) whose concentrations are over the maximum limit in some locations. The result synchronizes with the model to a greater extent. The modified DRASTIC model thereby gives an insight into the effects of human intervention along with the hydrogeological setting have on groundwater vulnerability.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aller, L. Bennet, T. Lehr, J.H. Petty, R.J. and Hackett, G. (1987) DRASTIC: A standardized System for Evaluating Groundwater Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings; EPA/600/285/018; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA.
Al-Adamat, R., Foster, I. and Baban, S. (2003) Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping for the Basaltic aquifer of the Azraq basin of Jordan using GIS, Remote Sensing and DRASTIC. Appl. Geogr., v.23, pp.303–324.
Brief Industrial Profile of Sonepat District. http://dcmsmegov.in/old/dips/har_sonepat.pdf. (Secunda, Collin, & Melloul, 1998)
Brindha, K.L.E. (2015) Cross comparison of five popular groundwater pollution vulnerability index approaches. Jour. Hydrol., v.524, pp.597–613.
Business Standard (2019) Industrial pollutants surging cancer cases in villages near Sonipat. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/industrial-pollutants-surging-cancer-cases-in-villages-near-sonipat-119020300111_1.html
CGWB (Central Ground Water Board) (2018–2019). Ground Water Year Book of Haryana State as of September 2019. Central Ground Water Board, North Western Region, Chandigarh.
CGWB (Central Ground Water Board) (2019–2020). Ground Water Year Book of Haryana State as of January 2021. Central Ground Water Board, North Western Region, Chandigarh.
CGWB (Central Ground Water Board) (2020). Report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Haryana State as of July 2021. Central Ground Water Board, North Western Region, Chandigarh.
CGWB (Central Ground Water Board) (2015) Report on Aquifer Mapping and Formulation of Aquifer Management Plan For The National Capital Region (NCR), Haryana (Vol 1,2) Central Ground Water Board, North Western Region, Chandigarh.
Groundwater gets from bad to worse PANIPAT: The groundwater quality in Panipat and Sonepat has deteriorated. Sep 20, 2019 (IST). https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/groundwater-gets-from-bad-to-worse-835365
Huan, H., Wang, and Teng, Y. (2012). Assessment and validation of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate-based on a modified DRASTIC model: a case study in Jilin City of northeast China. Sci. Total Environ., v.440, pp.14–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.037
Iqbal, J., Pathak, G. and Gorai, A.K. (2015) Development of hierarchical fuzzy model for groundwater vulnerability to pollution assessment; Arab. Jour. Geosci., v.8, pp.2713–2728.
Kaliraj, S., Chandrasekar, N., Simon Peter, T., Selvakumar, S. and Magesh, N.S. (2015) Mapping of coastal aquifer vulnerable zone in the south west coast of Kanyakumari, south India, using GIS-based DRASTIC model; Environ. Monit. Assess., v.187, pp.4073.
Khan, A., Khan, H.H., Umar, R. and Khan, M.H. (2014) An integrated approach for aquifer vulnerability mapping using GIS and rough sets: Study from an alluvial aquifer in north India. Hydrogeol. Jour., v.22, pp.1561–1572.
Kumar, P., Debnath, S.K., Thakur, P.K. and Bansod, B.K.S. (2016) Assessment of the effectiveness of DRASTIC in predicting the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination: A case study from Fatehgarh Sahib district in Punjab, India; Environ. Earth Sci., v.75, pp.879.
Kumar, S., Thirumalaivasan, D. and Radhakrishnan, N. (2014) GIS based assessment of groundwater vulnerability using drastic model; Arab. Jour. Sci. Engg., v.39, pp.207–216.
Lathamani, R., Janardhana, M.R., Mahalingam, B. and Suresha, S. (2015) Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability using Drastic Model and GIS: A case study of Mysore City, Karnataka, India. Aquatic Procedia, v.4, pp.1031–1038.
Marwaha, S. (2008) Ground Water Information Booklet, Sonipat District. Central Ground Water Board, North Western Region, Chandigarh.
Maqsoom, A, et al., (2020) A GIS-based DRASTIC Model and an Adjusted DRASTIC Model (DRASTICA) for Groundwater Susceptibility Assessment along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Route. Internat. Jour. Geo-Information. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050332
Mehra, M., Oinam, B. and Singh, C.K. (2016) Integrated assessment of groundwater for agricultural use in Mewat district of Haryana, India using geographical information system (GIS). Jour. Indian Soc. Remote Sens., v.44(5), pp.747–758.
Piscopo, G. (2001) Groundwater vulnerability map, explanatory notes, Castlereagh Catchment, NSW. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Australia, http://www.dlwc.nsw.gov.au/care/water/groundwater/reports/pdfs/Castlereagh_map_notes.pdf.
Prasad, K. and Shukla, J.P. (2014) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability using GIS-based DRASTIC technology for the basaltic aquifer of Burhner watershed, Mohgaon block, Mandla (India); Curr. Sci., v.107(10), pp.1649–1656.
Saha, D. and Alam, F. (2014) Groundwater vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and Pesticide DRASTIC models in intense agriculture area of the Gangetic plains, India. Environ. Monit. Assess., v.186, pp.8741–8763.
Secunda, S., Collin, M. and Melloul, A. (1998) Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite model combining DRASTIC with extensive agricultural land use in Israel’s Sharon region. Jour. Environ. Managmt., v.54, pp.39–57
Selvam, S., Magesh, N.S., Sivasubramanian, P., Manimaran, G., Soundranayagam, J.P. and Seshunarayana, T. (2014) Deciphering of groundwater potential zones in Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.84, pp.597–608.
Sheikh, M.A. (2017) An assessment of groundwater salinization in Haryana state in India using hydrochemical tools in association with GIS. Jour. Environ. Earth Sci. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6789-0
Singh, A., Srivastav, S.K., Kumar, S. and Chakrapani, G.J. (2015) A modified-DRASTIC model (DRASTICA) for assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in an urbanized environment in Lucknow, India. Environ. Earth Sci., v.74, pp.5475–5490.
Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Vasanthavigar, M., Sarma, V.S., Rajivgandhi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P. and Manivannan, R. (2011) Assessment of groundwater vulnerability in Mettur region, Tamil Nadu, India using DRASTIC and GIS techniques. Arab. Jour. Geosci., v.4, pp.1215–1228.
The Tribune (2021) Rs 97 crore fine on Sonepat industrial units for illegal groundwater extraction and pollution https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/rs-97-crore-fine-on-sonepat-industrial-units-for-illegal-groundwater-extraction-and-pollution-228965
Tiwari, A.K., Singh, P.K. and Maio, M.D. (2016) Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability in a coal mining of India by using GIS-based DRASTIC model. Arab. Jour. Geosci., v.9, pp.438.
Vrba, I. and Zaporozec, A. (1994) Guidebook on mapping ground-water vulnerability. International Association of Hydrogeologist, Heise, Hannover. Internat. Contrib. Hydrogeol. No.16.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. Geneva: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akhtar, M.A., Akhtar, N. & Shoeb, M. Study of DRASTIC Model and its Modification by LULC for Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment in Sonipat District, Haryana. J Geol Soc India 98, 955–960 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2100-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2100-4