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Mesozoic and Tertiary Anura of Laurasia

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Abstract

Anurans of Laurasia have a long history that begins with the earliest known anuran, Prosalirus, from the Early Jurassic of Arizona, USA. At that time, western Laurasia (North America) was still connected with Gondwana, so faunal interchange was still possible between those parts of the former Pangean supercontinent. The anuran fossil record from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Laurasia is mainly represented by disarticulated skeletal elements similar to those of Prosalirus (e.g. amphicoelous vertebrae indicating the presence of continuous notochord; ilia without dorsal crest and dorsal tubercle; small body size). Because the morphology of the ilium, the most commonly preserved element of Mesozoic anurans, superficially recalls that of Recent Alytes, Bombina or Pelobates, Mesozoic anurans often were assigned to discoglossids and pelobatids. The Cretaceous portion of the Laurasian anuran record is marked by the appearance of procoelous and opisthocoelous vertebrae, ilia bearing a dorsal crest and dorsal tubercle (although such ilia may rarely be found as early as in the Jurassic) and larger body sizes. Cretaceous anuran assemblages include a mix of generalised taxa that are comparable to Recent basal anurans and more specialised taxa lacking clear affinities with any extant anurans. Some of these forms survived into the Paleocene, but in general anuran faunas on all Laurasian continents were markedly depleted in the Paleocene. Major groups of anurans appeared in the Eocene. The early Miocene is the interval when Eurasian and American herpetofaunas reached their peak taxonomic diversities. In the Pliocene, some extant anuran species appeared, but at the same time taxa that had been dominant throughout the Oligocene and Miocene (e.g. Eopelobates, palaeobatrachids) became extinct during this interval or during the subsequent Pleistocene glaciation. The brief biochronological synopsis presented here is followed by a systematic review of taxa with their diagnoses and published data on their stratigraphic and geographic distributions.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Jim Gardner and Jean-Claude Rage for reviewing the manuscript and making helpful suggestions for its improvement, and Sinje Weber for her patience with my tardy submission of this manuscript. Thanks are also due to the late Farish Jenkins Jr. who kindly allowed me to study material of Prosalirus under his care. Yuri Gubin from the Paleontological Institute Moscow allowed me to take photographs of Altanulia and Cretasalia. The Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Madrid provided the photograph of the Eodiscoglossus santonjae holotype. The project was financially supported from institutional grant RVO67985831 of the Institute of Geology AS CR, v.v.i.

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  1. Department of Palaeobiology, Geological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 165 00, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic

    Zbyněk Roček

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Addendum:

Anura incertae sedis

Sunnybatrachus Evans and McGowan, 2002

Sunnybatrachus purbeckensis Evans and McGowan, 2002

Diagnosis (after Evans and McGowan 2002): Medium sized frog; ilium has dorsal crest, but dorsal tubercle poorly developed or absent; interiliacsynchondrosis present; postacetabular region broadly recessed, but little development of pre- and postacetabular processes; pronounced supracetabular pit anterodorsal to acetabulum.

Stratigraphy and distribution: ECret (Berriasian), Lovell’s and Sunnydown Farm quarries, Dorset, England (Evans and McGowan 2002).

Evans SE, McGowan GJ (2002) Lissamphibian remains from the Purbeck Limestone Group, southern England. In: Milner AR, Batten DJ (eds) Life and environments in Purbeck times. Spec Papers Palaeontol 68, pp 103–119.

This article is a contribution to the special issue “Mesozoic and Cenozoic lissamphibian and squamate assemblages of Laurasia”

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Roček, Z. Mesozoic and Tertiary Anura of Laurasia. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 93, 397–439 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-013-0131-y

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