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Effects of ecological agriculture approaches on dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) productivity and oil yield

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Abstract

The programmed application of organic fertilizers represents one relevant way to decrease the cost of nitrogen fertilizer, minimizing environmental pollution. We designed the field experiments as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with 20 treatments and three replications at two locations in Iran (Tehran and West Azerbaijan province). The tested treatments were as follows: two genotypes (Landrace and SZK-1 cultivar); seed inoculation treatments (with and without bacterial inoculation), and five fertilization regimes (FR1: 100% urea (70 kg N ha−1), FR2: 75% urea (52.5 kg N ha−1) + 25% azocompost (3.85 t ha−1), FR3: 50% urea (35 kg N ha−1) + 50% azocompost (7.77 t ha−1), FR4: 25% urea (17.5 kg N ha−1) + 75% azocompost (11.55 ton ha−1) and FR5: 100% azocompost (15.55 ton ha−1). Application of azocompost enhanced total flavonoid content at a high level at Tehran and a medium level at Khoy. High doses of urea enhanced nitrogen accumulation in plants. The treatments with higher azocompost contents reflected the highest amounts of NPK. On the other hand, the Landrace cultivar evidenced higher chlorophyll concentration than the SZK-1 cultivar at Tehran. High doses of urea produced higher photosynthetic pigment in plants. Application of plant growth promoting regulation (at Tehran) and medium concentration of azocompost enhanced xylose concentration. In this context, the azocompost application improved mannose content. The essential oil yield in the Landrace cultivar was higher than that reflected by the SZK-1 cultivar. For both genotypes, results suggest that bacterial inoculation improves essential-oil production. Results showed that plant growth–promoting regulators and azocompost at medium and high levels improved most plant traits. Although the biological-based plant growth promoters exhibited positive effects in some experimental units, these effects were lower than that of a conventional fertilizer regime. Therefore, azocompost integrated with bacterial inoculation responded to be a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizer treatment.

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The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Josh Schimel (University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America) and Dr. Enrique Troyo-Diéguez (Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico) for the critical reading and editing of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran

    Saeed Yousefzadeh

  2. Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Hamed Keshavarz & Seyed Ali Mohammad Modares-Sanavy

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  1. Saeed Yousefzadeh
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Saeed Yousefzadeh: designed and performed the experiment. Hamed Keshavarz wrote the manuscript. Seyed Ali Mohammad Modares Sanavy: farm operator. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hamed Keshavarz.

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Yousefzadeh, S., Keshavarz, H. & Modares-Sanavy, S.A.M. Effects of ecological agriculture approaches on dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) productivity and oil yield. Arab J Geosci 16, 373 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11461-7

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