Abstract
Preparation of laboratory samples that have surfaces with complex but repeatable roughness distributions to study the mechanical behavior of jointed rock mass has been a challenge for experimental studies. In this paper, an innovative rough discrete fractures network (RDFN) model was proposed. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology was used to generate synthetically jointed rock specimens while considering joint roughness and geometry. The size effect of shear behaviors under direct shear tests was discussed on the synthetic specimens described as rough discrete fracture network (RDFN) model, discrete fracture network (DFN) model, and intact specimen. According to the results, the shear strength of the 3D-printed jointed rock specimens was apparently lower than that of the intact rock specimens. The shear strength of the RDFN models, which considered joint roughness, was higher than that of the DFN models. The shear strength decreased with increasing specimen size for both the RDFN and DFN models and the fracturing patterns were greatly influnced by the joint geometry and distribution. The joint roughness is found important for the shear behaviors and should not be neglected when modeling the fractured rock mass.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aziz N, Rasekh H, Mirzaghorbanali A et al (2018) An experimental study on the shear performance of fully encapsulated cable bolts in single shear test. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:2207–2221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1450-0
Bahaaddini M, Hagan P, Mitra R et al (2016) Numerical study of the mechanical behavior of nonpersistent jointed rock masses. Int J Geomech 16:04015035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000510
Barton N (1973) Review of a new shear strength criterion for rock joints. Eng Geol 7:287–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(73)90013-6
Barton N (2011) From empiricism, through theory, to problem solving in rock engineering. Proceedings of Harmonising Rock Engineering and the Environment. London, UK: CRC Press, pp 3–16.
Chen GQ, Sun X, Wang JC (2020a) Detection of cracking behaviors in granite with open precut cracks by acoustic emission frequency spectrum analysis. Arab J Geosci 13:258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5253-8
Chen GQ, Li H, Wei T et al (2021) Searching for multistage sliding surfaces based on the discontinuous dynamic strength reduction method. Eng Geol 286:106086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106086
Chen M, Li L, Wang J et al (2020b) Rheological parameters and building time of 3D printing sulphoaluminate cement paste modified by retarder and diatomite. Constr Build Mater 234:117391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117391
Cheng Y, Yang W, He D (2018) Influence of sample size on the shear strength of structural plane. Geotech Geol Eng 36:4029–4403. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0573-0
Ding T, Xiao J, Qin F et al (2020) Mechanical behavior of 3D printed mortar with recycled sand at early ages. Constr Build Mater 248:118654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118654
Fereshtenejad S, Song JJ (2016) Fundamental study on applicability of powder-based 3D printer for physical modeling in rock mechanics. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:2065–2074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0904-x
Ghazvinian AH, Azinfar MJ, Vaneghi RG (2012) Importance of tensile strength on the shear behavior of discontinuities. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:349–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0207-9
Guo J, Zheng J, Lü Q et al (2021) Empirical methods to quickly select an appropriate discrete fracture network (DFN) model representing the natural fracture facets. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:5797–5811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02266-7
Han Y, Yang Z, Ding T et al (2020) Environmental and economic assessment on 3d printed buildings with recycled concrete. J Clean Prod 278:123884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123884
Hiller J, Lipson H (2009) Design and analysis of digital materials for physical 3D voxel printing. Rapid Prototyp J 15:137–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540910943441
Itasca Consulting Group, Inc (2004) Particle flow code in 2-dimensions: problem solving with PFC2D, version 3.1, Minneapolis.
Jiang C, Zhao GF (2015) A preliminary study of 3D printing on rock mechanics. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0612-y
Jiang Q, Feng X, Gong Y et al (2016) Reverse modelling of natural rock joints using 3D scanning and 3D printing. Comp Geotech 73:210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.11.020
Kanit T, Forest S, Galliet I et al (2003) Determination of the size of the representative volume element for random composites: statistical and numerical approach. Int J Solids Struct 40:3647–3679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7683(03)00143-4
Kong L, Ostadhassan M, Li C et al (2018) Can 3D printed gypsum samples replicate natural rocks? an experimental study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:3061–3074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1520-3
Li M, Han S, Zhou S et al (2018) An improved computing method for 3D mechanical connectivity rates based on a polyhedral simulation model of discrete fracture network in rock masses. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:1789–1800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1423-3
Liu XG, Zhu WC, Yu QL et al (2017) Estimation of the joint roughness coefficient of rock joints by consideration of two-order asperity and its application in double-joint shear tests. Eng Geol 220:243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.012
Lu BH, Li DC, Tian XY (2015) Development trends in additive manufacturing and 3D printing. Eng 1:85–89. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-ENG-2015012
Meng F, Zhou H, Wang Z et al (2018) Characteristics of asperity damage and its influence on the shear behavior of granite joints. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:429–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1315-y
Niktabar SMM, Rao KS, Shrivastava AK (2017) Effect of rock joint roughness on its cyclic shear behavior. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:1071–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.09.001
Shang J, Zhao Z, Ma S (2018) On the shear failure of incipient rock discontinuities under CNL and CNS boundary conditions: Insights from DEM modelling. Eng Geol 234:153–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.01.012
Singh HK, Basu A (2016) Shear behaviors of ‘real’ natural un-matching joints of granite with equivalent joint roughness coefficients. Eng Geol 211:120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.004
Song LB, Jiang Q, Shi YE et al (2018) Feasibility investigation of 3D printing technology for geotechnical physical models: study of tunnels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:2617–2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1504-3
Tang P, Chen GQ, Huang RQ et al (2021) Effect of the number of coplanar rock bridges on the shear strength and stability of slopes with the same discontinuity persistence. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:3675–3691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02180-y
Tian W, Han N (2017) Preliminary research on mechanical properties of 3D printed rock structures. Geotech Test J 40:483–493. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160177
Tian Y, Liu Q, Ma H et al (2018) New peak shear strength model for cement filled rock joints. Eng Geol 233:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.12.021
Vogler D, Walsh SDC, Dombrovski E et al (2017) A comparison of tensile failure in 3D-printed and natural sandstone. Eng Geol 226C:221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.06.011
Wang PT, Ren FH, Miao SJ et al (2017) Evaluation of the anisotropy and directionality of a jointed rock mass under numerical direct shear tests. Eng Geol 225:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.004
Wang PT, Liu Y, Zhang L, et al (2018) Preliminary experimental study on uniaxial compressive properties of 3D printed fractured rock models. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 37:364–373. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2017.103
Wang PT, Ren FH, Cai MF (2020) Influence of joint geometry and roughness on the multiscale shear behavior of fractured rock mass using particle flow code. Arab J Geosci 13:165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5187-1
Wu X, Jiang Y, Li B (2018) Influence of joint roughness on the shear behavior of fully encapsulated rock bolt. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:953–959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1365-1
Xiao JZ, Zou S, Yu Y et al (2020a) 3D recycled mortar printing: system development, process design, material properties and on-site printing. J Build Eng 32:101779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101779
Xiao JZ, Liu HR, Ding T (2020b) Finite element analysis on the anisotropic behavior of 3d printed concrete under compression and flexure. Addit Manuf 39:101712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101712
Xiao JZ, Chen ZX, Ding T et al (2022) Bending behaviour of steel cable reinforced 3D printed concrete in the direction perpendicular to the interfaces. Cement Concr Compos 125:104313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104313
Xin P, Wang L, Liu Z et al (2021) Structural properties of shear zone materials of the Neogene soft-rock landslides in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:4277–4290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02257-8
Zhang K, Qi F, Bao R et al (2021) Physical reconstruction and mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80:4441–4457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02206-5
Zhu JB, Zhou T, Liao ZY et al (2018) Replication of internal defects and investigation of mechanical and fracture behaviour of rock using 3D printing and 3D numerical methods in combination with X-ray computerized tomography. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 106:198–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.022
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52074020), the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2021YFC2900500), and the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resource Protection and Utilization in Coal Mining (No. WPUKFJJ2019-06).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, P., Liu, Z., Cai, M. et al. Shear behavior of synthetic rough jointed rock mass with 3D-printed jointing. Arab J Geosci 15, 392 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09706-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09706-y