FormalPara Key Summary Points

Why carry out this study?

  Although secukinumab has demonstrated robust efficacy in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), with a rapid onset of action, sustained long-term clinical responses, and a consistently favourable safety profile across numerous phase 3 trials there is still a need to investigate the use of secukinumab beyond the tightly controlled setting of clinical trials.

  There is limited real-world evidence on long-term retention and efficacy of secukinumab in patients with moderate to severe plaque PsO, PsA or AS.

What was learned from the study?

  The population recruited into SERENA reflects that of interventional trials with secukinumab. However, SERENA patients are predominantly biologic experienced and have received multiple biologics, mostly tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.

  This large observational study across all, currently approved, secukinumab indications will provide valuable information on the long-term retention, effectiveness and safety of secukinumab in the real-world setting.

Introduction

Psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [1]. The pathogenesis of these diseases is a complex interplay between environmental, genetic and immune triggers leading to dysregulation of the immune response [2,3,4,5]. These diseases have a profound impact on patients’ health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and are associated with many comorbidities [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15].

PsO typically manifests as plaques that occur most commonly on the elbows and knees, but can affect any area including palms, soles, nails, scalp and genitals [16,17,18,19,20]. PsO has a reported prevalence of between 1.3% and 8.5% in the adult population of European countries [21]. The proportion of patients with PsO suffering from PsA has been reported to be 19.7–29% [22, 23]. A 90% improvement from baseline Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score is now defined as the threshold of treatment success as per the European Medicines Agency and a “measure of optimal response” by the American Academy of Dermatology [24, 25]. There is emerging interest in the evaluation of reduction of absolute PASI score as a better indicator of therapeutic response and the higher clinical relevance of the remaining absolute PASI score as therapeutic target (i.e. PASI score 0–1, ≤ 2, ≤ 3 and ≤ 5) [26].

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is an umbrella term for inflammatory diseases with axial and/or peripheral manifestations that involve joints, entheses and extra-articular structures including the eyes, skin and gastrointestinal system [5, 27]. Both PsA and AS are part of the SpA spectrum of diseases which share genetic, clinical, radiological and therapeutic characteristics, classified according to the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) and the Classification of Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR) classification criteria [27,28,29]. PsA is characterised by peripheral joint disease, enthesitis and dactylitis [30, 31]. AS is an inflammatory disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton, which may lead to spinal fusion, deformity and disability. In patients with AS, extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) such as psoriasis, acute anterior uveitis and inflammatory bowel disease may be present [32, 33]. Comorbidities include cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal and neurological involvement [34, 35]. Prevalence of SpA has been estimated as 1.4% in the European population, with a comparable proportion of patients affected by AS and PsA, and is expected to rise with increased awareness of SpA and advances in diagnostic techniques and screening [36].

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of PsO and SpA, driving inflammation, enthesitis and structural damage. IL-17A produced by Th17 cells, mast cells and leukocytes drives tissue inflammation, keratinocyte activation and release of psoriasis-associated molecules [37,38,39,40,41]. The IL-17A signalling pathway is critical to bone erosion in PsA and bone fusion in AS [38, 42,43,44,45]. Secukinumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G1-kappa monoclonal antibody that directly inhibits interleukin-17A, has demonstrated robust efficacy in the treatment of moderate to severe PsO, PsA and AS, with a rapid onset of action, sustained long-term clinical responses and a consistently favourable safety profile across phase 3 trials [46,47,48].

In SCULPTURE and ERASURE/FIXTURE studies, PASI 75/90/100 responses with secukinumab 300 mg were sustained from year 1 to 5 [49, 50]. In FUTURE 2, American College of Rheumatology response criteria (ACR) 20/50 responses in 300 mg and 150 mg dose groups at year 1 were sustained or further improved at year 4. Secukinumab also showed sustained improvement in PASI 75/90 responses, dactylitis and enthesitis [51]. In MEASURE 2, ASAS 20/40 responses at year 1 were sustained at year 4 with 150 mg dose [52]. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the ‘gold standard’ for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic molecules in a highly selective population in tightly controlled settings because this strategy reduces confounding factors. This approach however does not guarantee that the treatment in everyday clinical practice will lead to the same results. In the real world, physicians may deal with more advanced conditions, multiple comorbidities and patients who may not be eligible for RCTs or for whom treatment options have been exhausted. Treatment adherence and persistence in real-world patient populations can also be a challenge [53,54,55].

Secukinumab was approved for the treatment of moderate to severe PsO, PsA and AS in 2015 in the European Union [56]. During the past 4 years real-world data on secukinumab use has been gathered in numerous non-interventional trials [57,58,59], registries [60,61,62] and during the routine collection of post-marketing safety information. Nevertheless, there is still a need for an observational study that collects and analyses the outcomes associated with underlying disease and its comorbidities, particularly in terms of assessing long-term retention, sustainability of effectiveness, long-term safety, treatment patterns over time and impact on HR-QoL of secukinumab treatment in patients with moderate to severe plaque PsO, PsA and AS.

SERENA is a non-interventional study with an observational period of up to 5 years designed to investigate the real-world long-term use of secukinumab in patients with moderate to severe PsO, PsA or AS. We report the baseline clinical data from the overall study population collected at the time point of enrolment into the study.

Methods

Study Design

SERENA (CAIN457A3403) is an ongoing, longitudinal, non-interventional study with prospective and retrospective collection of primary data on the retention, safety and effectiveness of secukinumab in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type PsO, active PsA or active AS (Fig. 1). The SERENA study prospectively collects real-world data in patients who have previously received secukinumab for at least 16 weeks, providing valuable insights into its long-term effectiveness and tolerability in clinical practice. Published data suggests that clinical responses to secukinumab are usually achieved within 16 weeks [46, 47, 63, 64] . Patients will participate in the study for a maximum of 5 years (60 months). Visits are documented every 6 months after enrolment. The study will end either when all enrolled patients (across indications) complete at least 2 years of follow-up, unless they choose to exit the study, or when the 5-year visit has been documented for approximately 1000 patients. The end of study will be determined by the later of these three time points, i.e. whichever occurs last. Individual patients exit the study if they discontinue secukinumab. All patients provided written informed consent before enrolling into the study. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of each participating centre (Supplementary Material). The trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and in compliance with all federal, local or regional requirements.

Fig. 1
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Study design. Start of treatment/therapy refers to the period when patients received first dose of secukinumab. Study enrolment refers to inclusion of patients in the SERENA study (start of observation; baseline visit)

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Patients

Inclusion Criteria

Adult patients with a diagnosis (assessed by the treating physician) of active moderate to severe plaque PsO, active PsA or active AS who are prescribed secukinumab according to the approved product information were included in the study. Patients should have received at least 16 weeks of commercial secukinumab treatment before registration in the study. For patients in Germany diagnosed as having active moderate to severe plaque PsO, a PASI assessment on the day of or up to 1 week prior to initial secukinumab treatment was mandatory. The decision for treatment with secukinumab had to be made regardless of this non-interventional study.

Exclusion Criteria

Patients were excluded from the study if they had any medical or psychological condition in the treating physician’s opinion which may prevent the patient from study participation for the initial 2 years; participated in parallel in an interventional clinical trial or Novartis-sponsored non-interventional study generating primary data for secukinumab; were within the safety follow-up phase of a previous interventional or non-interventional trial using secukinumab as drug of interest or comparator. Initially, patients who received secukinumab as an investigational medical product during a secukinumab interventional trial any time in the past were allowed to be included into the SERENA study. After an amendment, inclusion of these patients was no longer permitted. The discontinuation of secukinumab treatment after inclusion into the study resulted in termination of observation within the study; intermediate breaks were allowed.

Objectives

The primary objective of the SERENA study is to assess the long-term retention of secukinumab treatment in routine clinical practice for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque-type PsO, active PsA and active AS, and to identify factors affecting the retention of secukinumab treatment for the overall study population.

Collected Data

Patients enrolled to SERENA were treated according to the local label and data was collected as available in clinical routine. Data on primary and additional outcome variables were collected prospectively. Since patients included in the study were pre-treated with secukinumab, data on effectiveness and safety was also collected retrospectively from the start of the treatment.

At enrolment, patient demographics and clinical characteristics, medical and treatment history were collected. Every prior biologic treatment taken for PsO, PsA or AS was documented without a time limit; all other prior PsO, PsA or AS treatments were only documented if taken within 6 months prior to enrolment.

At enrolment, patients were assigned to the indication of moderate to severe plaque PsO, PsA or AS by the treating physician on the basis of dominant indication intended for treatment with secukinumab. This means that patients having dominant PsO and treated by dermatologists are documented as patients with PsO; and patients having dominant PsA or AS and treated by rheumatologists are documented as patients with PsA or AS, respectively. In addition, the dermatologists had a possibility to document, at enrolment and during the study, if a patient with PsO has been diagnosed with PsA. Depending on the documented diagnosis (or diagnoses), different effectiveness and quality of life (QoL) parameters as listed below were collected at enrolment and every 6 months for up to 5 years.

  • PsO PASI [65], body surface area (BSA, where available) [66], Physician Global Assessment (PGA) [65], psoriatic nail involvement

  • PsA 78 Total Joint Count (TJC) and 76 Swollen Joint Count (SJC) including dactylitis [67, 68], PGA [65], total pain visual analogue scale (VAS) [69], enthesitis assessment (Leeds Enthesitis Index, LEI) [70], X-ray assessment, PASI (not routinely performed by rheumatologists) [65], BSA (where available), psoriatic nail involvement

  • AS Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) [71], patient’s global assessment of disease activity using numeric rating scale (NRS) [27], C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) [72], AS Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) [71], total spinal pain VAS [73], enthesitis assessment (Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score, MASES) [74], X-ray and MRI assessment of spine and/or sacroiliac joints

Data Analysis

The study was initiated in October 2016 and enrolled over 2900 patients with moderate to severe PsO, PsA or AS at 438 sites in 19 countries across Europe until October 2018. This interim analysis is mainly based on descriptive statistical methods; no imputations of data in analyses were made. The following analysis sets were used for statistical analysis and presentation of data:

  • Safety set: consists of patients who received at least one dose of secukinumab treatment after informed consent

  • Full analysis set (FAS): consists of patients who are included in the safety set and fulfil all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria

The FAS is considered as the primary analysis dataset and will be used for the primary and additional variables. Baseline presentations were based on the safety set and on the FAS. On the basis of the dominant indication evaluated at enrolment, patients were assigned to three cohorts: PsO, PsA and AS. In the PsO cohort, several parameters that are potential risk factors for developing PsA, e.g. nail involvement or joint involvement measured via presence of dactylitis, were in addition analysed in the subgroups of patients that did not report PsA at enrolment and those that reported additional diagnosis of PsA at enrolment. Previous treatments of PsO, PsA and AS have been analysed as previous medications taken prior to start of secukinumab and also as treatment taken concomitantly to secukinumab for the given indication, i.e. PsO, PsA or AS. Patients could receive more than one type of treatment (prior to start of secukinumab or concomitant) e.g. combinations of conventional systemic therapy with topical treatments or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or biologics with topical/NSAIDs and/or conventional systemic agents. Every prior biologic treatment taken for PsO, PsA or AS was to be documented without a time limit, all other prior PsO, PsA or AS treatments were to be documented only if taken within 6 months prior to baseline visit.

In the prior treatment analyses, a patient was assigned to the biologic pre-treated group if she/he was treated with any biologic drug, irrespective of the original indication the medication was given for.

Comorbid medical condition and medical history were coded using MedDRA and summarized descriptively. Medical history events that occurred after the first exposure to secukinumab and prior to informed consent were analysed for all safety events and for safety events of special interest. Total exposure was calculated as sum of all patient-years in each subgroup, from first secukinumab treatment date to informed consent date in this study. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and malignant tumours were identified using Novartis MedDRA Queries (NMQs). Candida infections were any events within the Candida infection MedDRA High Level Term; infections were any events within MedDRA System Organ Class Infections and Infestations. Hypersensitivity and injection site reaction were identified using Standard MedDRA Query (SMQ) “Hypersensitivity”.

Results

Disposition

Overall, 2932 patients were enrolled across Europe (Supplementary Fig. 1) and 2800 patients were included in the safety set. Patients (n = 132) who did not receive at least one secukinumab injection after signing the informed consent were excluded. On the basis of the dominant indication evaluated at enrolment, patients were assigned to three cohorts: PsO (n = 1799), PsA (n = 541) and AS (n = 460). A majority of the patients were treated with secukinumab in non-clinical trial settings except for 320 patients in the PsO cohort.

Demographics and Disease Characteristics at Enrolment

Patients with PsA (N = 541) were older than patients with PsO (N = 1799) and patients with AS (N = 460); and patients with PsO and patients with AS were predominantly male (Table 1). At enrolment, 393 (21.8%) of patients with PsO also reported PsA diagnosis. patients with PsO had a higher mean body weight than both PsA and patients with AS. The proportion of obese patients (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) was similar across indications, reported in a total of 821 (37.2%) patients (Table 1). Time since diagnosis was longer in patients with PsO compared with PsA and patients with AS and about 40% of all patients were either current or former smokers.

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics at enrolment
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Treatment Prior to Study Enrolment

Patients were treated with secukinumab for a mean duration of 1 year prior to enrolment (range 0.89–1.04 years, Table 2) and maximum duration of 3.7–6.1 years across indications, with a majority of patients treated for a period between 16 weeks and 2 years (Fig. 2). Prior to treatment with secukinumab, the proportions of patients with PsO, PsA and AS who had received biologic therapy for the respective indications were 31.5%, 59.7% and 55%, respectively (Fig. 3). Among patients with PsO, the most frequently used biologic drug for the treatment of PsO was adalimumab (58.6%), followed by ustekinumab (44.3%), etanercept (42.2%) and infliximab (21.3%, Supplementary Fig. 2a). Among patients with PsA and patients with AS, the most frequently used biologic was adalimumab (56% and 51%), followed by etanercept (45.8% and 46.6%), golimumab (32.5% and 31.6%) and infliximab (30.3% and 28.9%, Supplementary Fig. 2b, c).

Table 2 Secukinumab treatment duration prior to inclusion in the study
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Fig. 2
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Duration of secukinumab treatment prior to inclusion into SERENA study (na = 2794). na number of patients with evaluation (i.e. with non-missing data); data includes also duration of secukinumab taken in clinical studies

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Fig. 3
figure 3

Psoriasis treatment taken prior to start of secukinumab treatment. Patients treated with conventional systemic therapy could also have received topical treatment/NSAIDs; patient treated with biologics could also have received topical/NSAIDs and/or conventional treatment. NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, csDMARDs conventional systemic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

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Among the 586 patients with PsO treated with biologics for either PsO or PsA prior to secukinumab, half (49.4%) of the patients were treated with one biologic drug only (Fig. 4). A quarter of the patients were treated with either two (25.0%) or three and more biologics (25.8%). Similar results were observed in patients with AS. Previous treatment with one biologic drug among patients with PsA was less frequent (39.8%) compared to patients with PsO and patients with AS. Compared to patients with AS and patients with PsO, more patients with PsA (34.7%) received secukinumab after previous treatment with at least three biologics drugs. Previous biologic treatment had been discontinued for the majority of patients (range 81.7–90.6% across indications) as a result of lack of efficacy (Fig. 5). Prior to inclusion into the study, most patients received secukinumab alone (75% in PsO, 48.2% in PsA and 48.9% in AS groups). In total, 19.3% of patients with PsO were treated with topical treatments in addition to secukinumab, and a small proportion received additionally conventional systemic treatments or phototherapy. Among patients with PsA, 34.4% of patients received csDMARDs in addition to secukinumab; 9.4% were treated with NSAIDs. In total, 17.2% of patients with AS were treated with csDMARDs and 27.8% received NSAIDs as the only additional therapy (Fig. 6). About one-fifth of the patients with PsO and PsA had a family history of PsO mostly involving first-degree relatives (FDRs, 19.1% and 17.6%, respectively). Similarly, about 17–20% of the patients with PsA and AS had a family history of arthritis, mostly involving FDRs (Fig. 7). Family history of other inflammatory diseases was less common with a frequency of 10.9% in patients with AS.

Fig. 4
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Frequency of biologic pre-treated patients by number of previous therapies. na number of patients with evaluation

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Fig. 5
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Frequency of patients by reason for discontinuation of previous biologic treatment. na number of patients with evaluation (i.e. biologic pre-treated); Patients could be treated with more than one biologic drug prior to secukinumab and may be counted in more than one group

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Fig. 6
figure 6

Psoriasis and AS treatment taken concomitantly to secukinumab treatment. Patients treated with conventional systemic therapy could also have received topical/NSAID treatment, patient treated with biologics could also have received topical /NSAID and/or conventional treatment. Conv conventional, SEC secukinumab, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, csDMARDs conventional systemic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

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Fig. 7
figure 7

Familial history of inflammatory diseases. A first-degree relative is defined as a close blood relative which includes the individual's parents, full siblings or children. A second-degree relative is defined as a blood relative which includes the individual's grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces or half-siblings

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Disease Activity Status (at Start of Therapy and at Study Enrolment)

The mean PASI score at the treatment start of secukinumab was 20.7 ± 12.8 (n = 1605) and 7.6 ± 10.2 (n = 128) in PsO and PsA groups, respectively. However, when the patients were enrolled in SERENA, the mean PASI score was 3.0 ± 6.7 (n = 1648) and 2.0 ± 7.2 (n = 221), respectively. Absolute PASI scores were low at enrolment (at mean 1 year after therapy start) with 45.8% of patients having PASI ≤ 1 (Fig. 8). Disease activity was measured at enrolment into the study and is presented in Table 3. In total, 71.8% of patients with PsO and 61.1% of patients with PsA reported PGA 0/1 (clear or almost clear skin) at enrolment. Among patients with PsA, 54.7% presented with joint involvement (any joint tender or swollen) with a mean (SD) number of tender 6.4 (9.5) and swollen joints 3.3 (5.8). About one-fifth (19%) of the patients with PsA had enthesitis (LEI, mean (SD) 0.4 [1.1]) at enrolment. Overall, 21.6% of patients with PsO without PsA at enrolment, 32.4% of patients with PsO and PsA at enrolment and 17.8% of patients with PsA had nail involvement, respectively. Overall, 0.6% of patients with PsO without formally diagnosed PsA at enrolment, 6.9% of patients with PsO and PsA at enrolment and 6.6% of patients with PsA had dactylitis, respectively.

Fig. 8
figure 8

Percentage of patients by absolute PASI score category at enrolment. PASI Psoriasis Area and Severity Index

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Table 3 Disease activity status at enrolment
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Patients with AS at enrolment had mean (SD) ASDAS-CRP score of 2.3 (0.9) and BASDAI score of 3.3 (2.3). A proportion of patients with AS had achieved ASDAS-CRP inactive disease status (15.4%) or low disease activity (31.6%) at the time of enrolment (Supplementary Fig. 3). In total, 26% of patients with AS had enthesitis (MASES) with a mean (SD) enthesitis index of 0.7 (1.7). The mean (SD) Patient’s Global Assessment of AS (VAS 10 cm) and total back pain (VAS 100 mm) scores were 4.2 (3.2) and 34.9 (24.2), respectively. In the overall AS population, mean (SD) CRP was 8.8 (14.1) mg/L at enrolment; more than a half of patients with AS (58.5%) had normal CRP (≤ 5 mg/mL) levels (overall median of 4 mg/L).

Safety

The cumulative exposure to secukinumab treatment prior to enrolment was 2809.8 patient-years. There were low rates of retrospective reporting of events of special interest. The percentage of patients reporting any infection was 3.3%. Higher rates of patients reporting any infection were observed among patients with PsO (4.0%) than among patients with PsA (1.8%) or patients with AS (2.4%). Overall, two cases (0.07%) of IBD were reported (one each in PsA and AS cohort), both of which were new-onset. No unexpected safety signals were reported (Table 4).

Table 4 Medical history: patients reporting events of special interest occurring prior to enrolment during the secukinumab treatment
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Discussion

SERENA is the first study to investigate secukinumab use in everyday clinical practice in Europe across all three therapeutic indications: moderate to severe plaque PsO, active PsA and active AS. In addition, SERENA includes patients with potential comorbidities, prior or concomitant medications that may have led to their exclusion from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Furthermore, non-interventional studies provide complementary evidence to RCTs, comparative effectiveness with other treatments that can inform payers and clinicians and may result in hypothesis generation [50, 56]. Finally, SERENA will collect long-term retention (primary endpoint) and safety outcomes in broad populations treated in routine clinical practice.

The demographics in SERENA are consistent with other interventional trials with secukinumab in PsO, PsA and AS [43, 54, 55, 57, 58], and other real-world studies [59, 60].

However, in terms of baseline disease characteristics, the time since diagnosis of AS was longer in SERENA with a mean duration of 9.3 years as opposed to RCTs ranging from 5.3 to 8.3 years. Furthermore, disease activity at enrolment was generally less severe than those reported at baseline in phase 3 clinical trials because the majority of the patients included in the SERENA study received secukinumab treatment for a period between 16 weeks and 2 years with a mean duration of 1 year (range 0.89–1.04 years) prior to enrolment [46,47,48, 75,76,77,78,79].

In contrast to phase 3 secukinumab trials [46,47,48], most patients enrolled in SERENA were treated with other biologics (mostly anti-TNFs) prior to receiving secukinumab. Notably, more than one-quarter of these patients received three or more biologics prior to secukinumab. Among all three cohorts, lack of efficacy was the major reason for discontinuation and hence effectiveness data should be interpreted by taking into consideration that previous treatments had not adequately controlled disease symptoms. These results are similar to findings from two large non-interventional studies in Germany, AQUILA (secukinumab use in patients with active AS or PsA) [60] and PROSPECT (secukinumab use in patients with active moderate to severe PsO) [61]. The US Psoriasis Registry CORRONA also reports comparable conclusions [80,81,82].

Safety data presented here are related to events that occurred during the exposure to secukinumab preceding the enrolment to the study. As a result of the retrospective character of safety data collection, some of the safety events, especially those of mild nature, might not be reported. Nevertheless, no new safety signals were identified within the analysis of available data. Further analyses of safety events observed during the study will provide further valuable information into safety aspects of secukinumab use in the real world.

The limitations of this study result from its observational nature including absence of control group, incomplete data and selection bias. For example, some baseline characteristics such as the use of prior medications other than biologics were not collected if exposure occurred more than 6 months prior to enrolment. Selection bias was inevitably introduced as patients had to be treated for at least 16 weeks with secukinumab prior to enrolment as the main objective of this study is to focus on the long-term drug retention and safety rather than initial effectiveness of secukinumab treatment. Efficacy achieved within 16 weeks of treatment is already well proven in the clinical development program of secukinumab. Furthermore, SERENA was conducted in 19 countries in Europe only, and findings cannot be generalized to all patients with PsO, PsA and AS worldwide. In addition, there was an imbalance between the number of patients enrolled in countries. Since the data have been collected retrospectively for up to 6 years for some individuals, underreporting of prior medications and more importantly of adverse events cannot be excluded. All limitations have descriptive character only, with no adjustments made to control for potential confounding variables.

Conclusions

In terms of demographics, the SERENA population is consistent with other interventional trials with secukinumab; however, there are some significant differences pertinent to the baseline disease characteristics. Patients enrolled in SERENA had prior exposure to multiple biologics, mostly TNF inhibitors, and relatively lower disease activity compared to phase 3 studies as they were already treated with secukinumab for a period between 16 weeks and 2 years.

This large observational study across all three secukinumab indications will provide further information on the long-term effectiveness and safety of secukinumab in the real-world setting. Full effectiveness and safety results will be reported in a future publication.