Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

History of Ataxias and Paraplegias with an Annotation on the First Description of Striatonigral Degeneration

  • Published:
The Cerebellum Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to carry out a historical overview of the evolution of the knowledge on degenerative cerebellar disorders and hereditary spastic paraplegias, over the last century and a half. Original descriptions of the main pathological subtypes, including Friedreich’s ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and cortical cerebellar atrophy, are revised. Special attention is given to the first accurate description of striatonigral degeneration by Hans Joachim Scherer, his personal and scientific trajectory being clarified. Pathological classifications of ataxia are critically analysed. The current clinical-genetic classification of ataxia is updated by taking into account recent molecular discoveries. We conclude that there has been an enormous progress in the knowledge of the nosology of hereditary ataxias and paraplegias, currently encompassing around 200 genetic subtypes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Harding AE. The hereditary ataxias and related disorders. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Berciano J, Pascual J, Polo JM History of ataxia research. In: Kolckgether T (edit.): Handbook of ataxia disorders. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2000 pp 77–100.

  3. Berciano J. Historical overview of hereditary ataxias with an annotation on the legacy of Hans Joachim Scherer. Neurosciences&History 2018; 6: 85–100. Available at https://nah.sen.es/es/numeros/numeros-anteriores-v2/163-revistas/volumen-6/numero-3/406-historia-de-las-ataxias-hereditarias-y-comentario-sobre-el-legado-de-hans-joachim-scherer. Accessed 1 June 2021.

  4. Bell J, Carmichael EA. On hereditary ataxia and spastic paraplegia. (vol IV, part III). In: Fisher RA, editor. Treasury in human inheritance. Cambridge: Cambridge at University Press; 1939. p. 248–566.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Friedreich N. Über degenerative Atrophie der spinalen Hinterstränge. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol. 1863;22:1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Friedreich N. Über degenerative Atrophie der spinalen Hinterstränge. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol. 1863;26:391–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Friedreich N. Über degenerative Atrophie der spinalen Hinterstränge. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol. 1863;26:433–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Friedreich N. Über Ataxie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der hereditären Formen. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol. 1876;68:145–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Friedreich N. Über Ataxie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der hereditären Formen. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol. 1877;70:140–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ladame P. Friedreich’s disease. Brain. 1890;13:467–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Strümpell A. Beiträge zur Pathologie des Rückenmarks. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1880;10:676–717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Strümpell A. Ueber eine bestimmte Form der primären combinierten System Erkrankung des Rückenmarks. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1886;17:217–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Strümpell A. Ueber die hereditäre spastische Spinalparalyse. Dtsch Z Nervenheilk. 1893;4:173–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Strümpell A. Die primäre Seitenstrangsklerose (spastische Spinalparalyse). Dtsch Z Nervenheilk. 1904;27:291–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Harding AE. Hereditary “pure” spastic paraplegia: a clinical and genetic study of 22 families. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:871–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Polo JM, Calleja J, Combarros O, Berciano J. Hereditary, “pure” spastic paraplegia: a study of nine families. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:175–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Buge A, Escourolle R, Rancurel G, Gray F, Pertuiset BF. La paraplégie spasmodique familiale de Strümpell-Lorrain: une nouvelle observation anatomo-clinique. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1979;135:329–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Grassin D-Y. La paraplégie spasmodique familiale (maladie de Strümpell-Lorrain). A propos de 11 généalogies. Lyon (France): Doctoral thesis, University Claude Bernard; 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lorrain M. Contribution à l’étude de la paraplégie spasmodique familial. Doctoral thesis, University of Paris, Stenheil G ed., 1898.

  20. Polo JM. Prevalencia de los síndromes espinocerebelosos familiares en Cantabria. Estudio nosológico, genético, clínico y neurofisiológico de la forma pura de la paraplejía espástica hereditaria. Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Cantabria (España), Santander, 1988.

  21. Dejerine-Thomas A. L’atrophie olivo-ponto-cérébelleuse Nouv Iconogr Salpêt. 1900;13:330–70.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Menzel P. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der hereditären Ataxie und Kleinhirnatrophie. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1891;22:160–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Berciano J. Nuevas contribuciones al conocimiento clínico y patológico de la atrofia olivopontocerebelosa. Tesis doctoral: Universidad de Bilbao (España); 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Berciano J. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. A review of 117 cases. J Neurol Sci. 1982;53:253–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Loew P. L’atrophie olivo-ponto-cérébelleuse. Doctoral thesis, University of Paris (France), 1903–1904.

  26. Keiller N. Four cases of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy giving a history of heredity with three autopsies. South Med J. 1926;19:518–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hassin GB, Harris TH. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Arch Neurol Psychiat (Chic). 1936;35:43–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Welte E. Die Atrophie des Systems der Brückenfüsses und der unteren Oliven. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1939;109:649–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Scherer HJ. Beiträge zur pathologischen Anatomie des Kleinhirns: 3. Mitteilung (genuine Kleinhirnatrophien). Z Ges Neurol Psychiatr. 1933;145:335–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Scherer HJ. Extrapyramidale Störungen bei der olivopontocerebellären Atrophie: ein beitrage zum Problem des lokalen vorseitigen Alterns. Z Ges Neurol Psychiatr. 1933;145:406–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Critchley M, Greenfield JC. Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy. Brain. 1948;71:343–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Guillain G, Mathieu P, Bertrand I. Étude anatomo-clinique sur deux cases d’atrophie olivo-ponto-cérébelleuse avec rigidité. Ann Méd. 1926;20:417–59.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Guillain G, ThévenardJonesco A. Un cas de syndrome cérébelleux du type de l’atrophie olivo-ponto-cérébelleuse avec development progressif d’un état hypertonique. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1928;50:890–5.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Berciano J, Combarros O, Polo JM, Pascual J, Oterino A. An early description of striatonigral degeneration. J Neurol. 1999;246:462–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Berciano J. Hans Joachim Scherer (1906–1945). J Neurol. 2021;268:3052–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Adams R, van Bogaert L, van der Eecken H. Dégénérescences nigro-striées et cerebello-nigro-striées (Unicité clinique et variabilité pathologique des dégénérescences préséniles à forme de rigidité extrapyramidale). Psychiatr Neurol (Basel). 1991;142:219–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Adams RD, van Bogaert L, vander Eecken H. Striato-nigral degeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1964;23:584–608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Vander E, Adams RD, van Bogaert L. Striopallidal-nigral degeneration. An hitherto undescribed lesions in paralysis agitans. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1960;19:159–60.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Takei Y, Mirra SS. Striatonigral degeneration: a form of multiple system atrophy with clinical parkinsonism. Progr Neuropathol. 1973;2:217–51.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Van Bogaert L. Les maladies systématisées. In: Ravina A, Patel J, editors. Traité de médecine, vol. XVI. Les maladies du système nerveux. Paris: Masson; 1949. p. 142–218.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Adams R. The striatonigral degenerations. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol. 6. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1968. p. 694–702.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Berciano J, Ricoy JR, Rebollo M, Combarros O, Coria F, Val F. Familial olivopontocerebellar atrophy (Menzel type). A propos of a family followed for 46 yeras. Arch Neurobiol (Madr) 1983;46:51–8.

  43. Infante J, Combarros O, Volpini V, Corral J, Llorca J, Berciano J. Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias in Spain: molecular and clinical correlations, prevalence estimation and survival analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;111:391–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Berciano J. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins; 1998. p. 263–95.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Berciano J. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) Gilman et al, eds. Neurobiology of disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2006. p. 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Berciano J, Boesch S, Pérez-Ramos JM, Wenning GK. Olivopontocerebellar atrophy: toward a better nosological definition. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1607–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Martin JJ. Hans Joachim Scherer(1906–1945). Information available at http://www.bornbunge.be/History/Scherer.shtml. Accessed 1 June 2021.

  48. Peiffer J, Kleihues P. Hans-Joachim Scherer (1906–1945), pioneer in glioma research. Brain Pathol. 1999;9:241–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kondziella D. Thirty neurological eponyms associated with the Nazi era. Eur Neurol. 2009;62:56–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Strous RD, Edelman MC. Eponyms and the Nazi era: time to remember and time for change. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9:207–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Scherer M. Some comments on the paper: Hans-Joachim Scherer (1906–1945), pioneer in glioma research. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:485–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Kleihues P. Reply to Marc Scherer. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:488.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Perry A. Practicing neuropathology under great adversity. Brain Pathol. 2013;23:i.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Holmes G. A form of familial degeneration of the cerebellum. Brain. 1907;30:466–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Greenfield JG. The spino-cerebellar degenerations. Oxford: Blackwell; 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Marie P, Foix C, Alajouanine T. De l’atrophie cérébelleuse tardive à prédominance corticale. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1922;2(849–885):1082–111.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Refsum S, Skre H. Nosology, genetics, and epidemiology of hereditary ataxias, with particular reference to the epidemiology of these disorders in Western Norway. Adv Neurol. 1978;19:497–508.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Becker PE. Enfermedades de localización preferente en el sistema espinocerebeloso. In: Toray SA, editor. Genética Humana (vol V/1). Barcelona; 1969. p. 233–320.

  59. Eadie MJ. Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy (variants). In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, eds. Handbook of clinical Neurology (vol 21, part 1). Amsterdam: Elsevier North Holland, 1975; 451–7.

  60. Konigsmark BW, Weiner LP. The olivopontocerebellar atrophies: a review. Medicine (Baltimore). 1970;49:227–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Sobue I, editor. Spinocerebellar degenerations. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press; 1978. p. 376.

  62. Harding AE. Classification of the hereditary ataxias and paraplegias. Lancet. 1983;i:1151–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Polo JM, Calleja J, Combarros O, Berciano J. Hereditary ataxias and paraplegias in Cantabria. Spain Brain. 1991;114:855–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bertini E, Zanni G, Boltshauser E. Nonprogressive congenital ataxias. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;155:91–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Harding AE. Friedreich’s ataxia: a clinical and genetic study of 90 families with an analysis of early diagnostic criteria and intrafamilial clustering of clinical features. Brain. 1981;104:589–620.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Harding AE. Early onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes: a clinical and genetic study of a disorder distinct from Friedreich’s ataxia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:503–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Chamberlain S, Shaw J, Rowland A, Wallis J, South S, Nakamura Y, et al. Mapping of mutation causing Friedreich’s ataxia to chromosome 9. Nature. 1988;334:248–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Chamberlain S, Shaw J, Wallis J, Rowland A, Chow L, Farral M, et al. Genetic heterogeneity at the Freidreich ataxia locus on chromosome 9. Am J Hum Genet. 1989;44:518–21.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Keats BJB, Ward LJ, Shaw J, Wickremasinghe A, Chamberlain S. “Acadian” and “classical” forms of Friedreich ataxia are most probably caused by mutations at the same locus. Am J Med Genet. 1989;33:266–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. De Michele G, Filla A, Cavalcanti F, Di Maio L, Pianese L, Castaldo I, et al. Late onset Friedreich’s disease: clinical features and mapping of mutation to the FRDA locus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:977–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Klockgether T, Chamberlain S, Wüllner U, Fetter M, Dittmann H, Petersen D, et al. Late onset Friedreich’s ataxia, molecular genetics, clinical neurophysiology, and magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:803–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Palau F, De Michele G, Vilchez JJ, Pandolfo M, Monros E, Cocozza S, et al. Early-onset ataxia with cardiomyopathy and retained tendon reflexes maps to the Friedreich’s ataxia locus on chromosome 9q. Ann Neurol. 1995;37:359–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Campuzano V, Montermini L, Moltó MD, Pianese L, Cossée M, Cavalcanti F, et al. Friedreich’s ataxia: autosomal recessive disease caused by an intronic GAA triplet repeat expansion. Science. 1996;271:14237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Dürr A, Cossée M, Agid Y, Campuzano V, Mignard C, Penet C, et al. Clinical and genetic abnormalities in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1169–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Berciano J, García A, Infante J. Peripheral nerve involvement in hereditary cerebellar and multisystem degenerative disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;115:907–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Arias M. Keys to overcoming the challenge of diagnosing autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia. Neurologia. 2019;34:248–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Fogel BL. Autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;147:187–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Beaudin M, Matilla-Dueñas A, Soong BW, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG, Mitoma H, et al. The classification of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias: a consensus statement from the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias Task Force. Cerebellum. 2019;18:1098–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Cortese A, Simone R, Sullivan R, Vandrovcova J, Tariq H, Yau WY, et al. Biallelic expansion of an intronic repeat in RFC1 is a common cause of late-onset ataxia. Nat Genet. 2019;51:649–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Harding AE. The clinical features and classification of the late onset autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias: a study of eleven families, including descendants of the “Drew family of Walworth.” Brain. 1982;105:1–28.

  81. Hammans SR. The inherited ataxias and the new genetics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;61:327–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Coarelli G, Brice A, Durr A. Recent advances in understanding dominant spinocerebellar ataxias from clinical and genetic points of view. F1000Res. 2018 Nov 12;7. pii: F1000 Faculty Rev-1781. doi: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15788.1. eCollection 2018.

  83. Sullivan R, Yau WY, O’Connor E, Houlden H. Spinocerebellar ataxia: an update. J Neurol. 2019;266:533–44.

  84. Manto M, Gandini J, Feil K, Strupp M. Cerebellar ataxias: an update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2020;33:150–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Ortega Suero G, Abenza Abildúa MJ, Serrano Munuera C, Rouco Axpe I, Arpa Gutiérrez FJ, Adarmes Gómez AD, et al. Epidemiology of ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia in Spain: a cross-sectional study. Neurologia (Engl Ed). 2021 Mar 25;S0213–4853(21):00021–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2021.01.006.

  86. García-Murias M, Quintáns B, Arias M, Seixas AI, Cacheiro P, Tarrío R, et al. ’Costa da Morte’ ataxia is spinocerebellar ataxia 36: clinical and genetic characterization. Brain. 2012;135:1423–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Serrano-Munuera C, Corral-Juan M, Stevanin G, San Nicolás H, Roig C, Corral J, et al. New subtype of spinocerebellar ataxia with altered vertical eye movements mapping to chromosome 1p32. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:764–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Seixas AI, Loureiro JR, Costa C, Ordóñez-Ugalde A, Marcelino H, Oliveira CL, et al. A pentanucleotide ATTTC repeat insertion in the non-coding region of DAB1, mapping to SCA37, causes spinocerebellar ataxia. Am J Hum Genet. 2017;101:87–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Harding AE. “Idiopathic” late onset cerebellar ataxia. A clinical and genetic study of 36 cases. J Neurol Sci. 1981; 51: 259-71.

  90. Giordano I, Harmuth F, Jacobi H, Paap B, Vielhaber S, Machts J, et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of sporadic adult-onset degenerative ataxia. Neurology. 2017;89:1043–9.

  91. Klockgether T. Sporadic adult-onset ataxia. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;155:217–25.

  92. Ramos A, Quintana F, Díez C, Leno C, Berciano J. CT findings in spinocerebellar degeneration. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1987;8:635–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Berciano J. Multiple system atrophy and idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia. In: Manto M, Pandolfo M, editors. The cerebellum and its disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 178–97.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Choi KD, Choi JH. Episodic ataxias: clinical and genetic features. J Mov Disord. 2016;9:129–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Schüle R, Schöls L. Genetics of hereditary spastic paraplegias. Semin Neurol. 2011;31:484–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. de Souza PVS, de Rezende Pinto WBV, de Rezende Batistella GN, Bortholin T, Oliveira ASB. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinical and genetic hallmarks. Cerebellum. 2017;16:525–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lallemant-Dudek P, Durr A. Clinical and genetic update of hereditary spastic paraparesis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021;177:550–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Erfanian Omidvar M, Torkamandi S, Rezaei S, Alipoor B, Omrani MD, Darvish H, et al. Genotype-phenotype associations in hereditary spastic paraplegia: a systematic review and meta-analysis on 13,570 patients. J Neurol. 2021;268:2065–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gazulla J, Ferrer I, Izquierdo-Alvarez S, Alvarez S, Sánchez-Alcudia R, et al. Hereditary primary lateral sclerosis and progressive nonfluent aphasia. J Neurol. 2019;266:1079–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Professor José Ramón Ricoy for the pathological study illustrated in Fig. 5. We are also grateful to Professor Raymond Escourolle (†) for allowing one of us (JB) to revise the pathological material of the Laboratoire de Neuropathologie Charles Foix (now Raymond Escourolle), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière (Paris), and to use pictures from the original description by Dejerine and Thomas (Fig. 3). We wish to thank our colleagues at the Service of Neurology in Valdecilla and especially to Professor José Miguel Polo who carried out his doctoral thesis on hereditary ataxias. Finally, it has been a great pleasure sharing information on Hans Joachim Scherer with his son, Marc Scherer.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service of Neurology, University Hospital “Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)”, University of Cantabria, and “Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)”, Santander, Spain

    José Berciano & Jon Infante

  2. Service of Neurology, “Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet”, Saragossa, Spain

    José Gazulla

Authors
  1. José Berciano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. José Gazulla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jon Infante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to José Berciano.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (MP4 86795 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Berciano, J., Gazulla, J. & Infante, J. History of Ataxias and Paraplegias with an Annotation on the First Description of Striatonigral Degeneration. Cerebellum 21, 531–544 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01328-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01328-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation