Abstract
Flexible logic circuits and memory with ultra-low static power consumption are in great demand for battery-powered flexible electronic systems. Here, we show that a flexible nonvolatile logic-in-memory circuit enabling normally-off computing can be implemented using a poly(1,3,5-trivinyl-1,3,5-trimethyl cyclotrisiloxane) (pV3D3)-based memristor array. Although memristive logic-in-memory circuits have been previously reported, the requirements of additional components and the large variation of memristors have limited demonstrations to simple gates within a few operation cycles on rigid substrates only. Using memristor-aided logic (MAGIC) architecture requiring only memristors and pV3D3-memristor with good uniformity on a flexible substrate, for the first time, we experimentally demonstrated our implementation of MAGIC-NOT and -NOR gates during multiple cycles and even under bent conditions. Other functions, such as OR, AND, NAND, and a half adder, are also realized by combinations of NOT and NOR gates within a crossbar array. This research advances the development of novel computing architecture with zero static power consumption for batterypowered flexible electronic systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen, Y.; Lu, B. W.; Chen, Y. H.; Feng, X. Breathable and stretchable temperature sensors inspired by skin. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 11505.
Fiore, V.; Battiato, P.; Abdinia, S.; Jacobs, S.; Chartier, I.; Coppard, R.; Klink, G.; Cantatore, E.; Ragonese, E.; Palmisano, G. An integrated 13.56-MHz RFID tag in a printed organic complementary TFT technology on flexible substrate. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Reg. Papers 2015, 62, 1668–1677.
Kim, R. H.; Kim, H. J.; Bae, I.; Hwang, S. K.; Velusamy, D. B.; Cho, S. M.; Takaishi, K.; Muto, T.; Hashizume, D.; Uchiyama, M. et al. Non-volatile organic memory with sub-millimetre bending radius. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 3583.
Kim, S. J.; Lee, J. S. Flexible organic transistor memory devices. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2884–2890.
Klauk, H.; Halik, M.; Zschieschang, U.; Eder, F.; Schmid, G.; Dehm, C. Pentacene organic transistors and ring oscillators on glass and on flexible polymeric substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 4175–4177.
Semiconductor Industry Association. http://www.semiconductors.org/main/2015_international_technology_roadmap_for_semiconductors_itrs/ (accessed Oct 20, 2016).
Shahrjerdi, D.; Bedell, S. W. Extremely flexible nanoscale ultrathin body silicon integrated circuits on plastic. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 315–320.
Rojas, J. P.; Torres Sevilla, G. A.; Hussain, M. M. Can we build a truly high performance computer which is flexible and transparent? Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 2609.
Sevilla, G. A. T.; Rojas, J. P.; Fahad, H. M.; Hussain, A. M.; Ghanem, R.; Smith, C. E.; Hussain, M. M. Flexible and transparent silicon-on-polymer based sub-20 nm non-planar 3D FinFET for brain-architecture inspired computation. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2794–2799.
Hosseini, N. R.; Lee, J.-S. Resistive switching memory based on bioinspired natural solid polymer electrolytes. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 419–426.
Son, D. I.; Kim, T. W.; Shim, J. H.; Jung, J. H.; Lee, D. U.; Lee, J. M.; Park, W. I.; Choi, W. K. Flexible organic bistable devices based on graphene embedded in an insulating poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer layer. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2441–2447.
Jeong, H. Y.; Kim, J. Y.; Kim, J. W.; Hwang, J. O.; Kim, J. E.; Lee, J. Y.; Yoon, T. H.; Cho, B. J.; Kim, S. O.; Ruoff, R. S. et al. Graphene oxide thin films for flexible nonvolatile memory applications. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4381–4386.
Ji, Y.; Cho, B.; Song, S.; Kim, T. W.; Choe, M.; Kahng, Y. H.; Lee, T. Stable switching characteristics of organic nonvolatile memory on a bent flexible substrate. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3071–3075.
Chua, L. O. Memristor—The missing circuit element. IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory 1971, 18, 507–519.
Chua, L. O.; Kang, S. M. Memristive devices and systems. Proc. IEEE 1976, 64, 209–223.
Strukov, D. B.; Snider, G. S.; Stewart, D. R.; Williams, R. S. The missing memristor found. Nature 2008, 453, 80–83.
Borghetti, J.; Snider, G. S.; Kuekes, P. J.; Yang, J. J.; Stewart, D. R.; Williams, R. S. ‘Memristive’ switches enable ‘stateful’ logic operations via material implication. Nature 2010, 464, 873–876.
Jo, S. H.; Chang, T.; Ebong, I.; Bhadviya, B. B.; Mazumder, P.; Lu, W. Nanoscale memristor device as synapse in neuromorphic systems. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1297–1301.
Shin, S.; Kim, K.; Kang, S.-M. Memristor applications for programmable analog ICs. IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2011, 10, 266–274.
Matsunaga, S.; Hayakawa, J.; Ikeda, S.; Miura, K.; Endoh, T.; Ohno, H.; Hanyu, T. MTJ-based nonvolatile logic-in-memory circuit, future prospects and issues. In Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe, Nice, France, 2009, pp 433–435.
Balatti, S.; Ambrogio, S.; Ielmini, D. Normally-off logic based on Resistive Switches—Part I: Logic gates. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 2015, 62, 1831–1838.
Cassinerio, M.; Ciocchini, N.; Ielmini, D. Logic computation in phase change materials by threshold and memory switching. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 5975–5980.
Kvatinsky, S.; Satat, G.; Wald, N.; Friedman, E. G.; Kolodny, A.; Weiser, U. C. Memristor-based material implication (IMPLY) logic: Design principles and methodologies. IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. 2014, 22, 2054–2066.
Sun, X. W.; Li, G. Q.; Ding, L. H.; Yang, N.; Zhang, W. F. Unipolar memristors enable “stateful” logic operations via material implication. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 072101.
Shin, S.; Kim, K.; Kang, S.-M. Reconfigurable stateful NOR gate for large-scale logic-array integrations. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Exp. Briefs 2011, 58, 442–446.
Kvatinsky, S.; Belousov, D.; Liman, S.; Satat, G.; Wald, N.; Friedman, E. G.; Kolodny, A.; Weiser, U. C. MAGIC—memristor-aided logic. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II: Exp. Briefs 2014, 61, 895–899.
Talati, N.; Gupta, S.; Mane, P.; Kvatinsky, S. Logic design within memristive memories using Memristor-Aided loGIC (MAGIC). IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 2016, 15, 635–650.
Siemon, A.; Breuer, T.; Aslam, N.; Ferch, S.; Kim, W.; van den Hurk, J.; Rana, V.; Hoffmann-Eifert, S.; Waser, R.; Menzel, S. et al. Realization of boolean logic functionality using redox-based memristive devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 6414–6423.
Jang, B. C.; Seong, H.; Kim, S. K.; Kim, J. Y.; Koo, B. J.; Choi, J.; Yang, S. Y.; Im, S. G.; Choi, S. Y. Flexible nonvolatile polymer memory array on plastic substrate via initiated chemical vapor deposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 12951–12958.
Choi, B. J.; Torrezan, A. C.; Strachan, J. P.; Kotula, P. G.; Lohn, A. J.; Marinella, M. J.; Li, Z. Y.; Williams, R. S.; Yang, J. J. High-speed and low-energy nitride memristors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 5290–5296.
Wong, H. S. P.; Lee, H.-Y.; Yu, S. M.; Chen, Y.-S.; Wu, Y.; Chen, P.-S.; Lee, B.; Chen, F. T.; Tsai, M.-J. Metal-oxide RRAM. Proc. IEEE 2012, 100, 1951–1970.
Kimura, H.; Hanyu, T.; Kameyama, M.; Fujimori, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Takasu, H. Complementary ferroelectriccapacitor logic for low-power logic-in-memory VLSI. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 2004, 39, 919–926.
Moon, H.; Seong, H.; Shin, W. C.; Park, W. T.; Kim, M.; Lee, S.; Bong, J. H.; Noh, Y. Y.; Cho, B. J.; Yoo, S. et al. Synthesis of ultrathin polymer insulating layers by initiated chemical vapour deposition for low-power soft electronics. Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 628–635.
Gleskova, H.; Wagner, S. Electron mobility in amorphous silicon thin-film transistors under compressive strain. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 3347–3349.
Moon, T.; Jung, J.-C.; Han, Y.; Jeon, Y.; Koo, S.-M.; Kim, S. Flexible logic gates composed of Si-nanowire-based memristive switches. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 2012, 59, 3288–3291.
Alf, M. E.; Asatekin, A.; Barr, M. C.; Baxamusa, S. H.; Chelawat, H.; Ozaydin-Ince, G.; Petruczok, C. D.; Sreenivasan, R.; Tenhaeff, W. E.; Trujillo, N. J. et al. Chemical vapor deposition of conformal, functional, and responsive polymer films. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1993–2027.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Global Frontier Center for Advanced Soft Electronics (No. 2011-0031640), the Creative Research Program of the ETRI (No. 15ZE1110), Wearable Platform Materials Technology Center (WMC) funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant of the Korean Government (MSIP) (No. 2016R1A5A1009926), and Samsung Research Funding Center of Samsung Electronics (No. SRFC-MA1402-04).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jang, B.C., Yang, S.Y., Seong, H. et al. Zero-static-power nonvolatile logic-in-memory circuits for flexible electronics. Nano Res. 10, 2459–2470 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1449-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-017-1449-y