Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How to overcome retinal neuropathy: The fight against angiogenesisrelated blindness

  • Review
  • Published:
Archives of Pharmacal Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The retina consists of neuronal cells of high metabolic activity that are supplied by an abundant vasculature. It is a main theme of ophthalmologic research, because retinopathies are common causes of blindness in all age groups: age-related macular degeneration in the elderly, diabetic retinopathy in the middle aged, and retinopathy of prematurity and retinoblastoma in children. Interestingly, angiogenesis underlies the pathogenesis of all these diseases, and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier is also thought to play an important role before and throughout the process of new vessel formation. However, so far, most treatments have targeted angiogenesis only, especially vascular endothelial growth factor. Consideration of the restoration of the blood-retinal barrier should be required. In this review, we discuss the clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for angiogenesis-related blindness. In addition, because of the recent introduction of novel strategies, we describe pathogenesis-based treatment options to treat angiogenesis-related blindness.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abcouwer, S. F., Shanmugam, S., Gomez, P. F., Shushanov, S., Barber, A. J., Lanoue, K. F., Quinn, P. G., Kester, M., and Gardner, T. W., Effect of IL-1beta on survival and energy metabolism of R28 and RGC-5 retinal neurons. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49, 5581–5592 (2008).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, D. H. and Schefler, A. C., Update on retinoblastoma. Retina, 24, 828–848 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abran, D., Varma, D. R., and Chemtob, S., Increased thromboxane-mediated contractions of retinal vessels of newborn pigs to peroxides. Am. J. Physiol., 268, H628–H632 (1995).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aiello, L. P., Avery, R. L., Arrigg, P. G., Keyt, B. A., Jampel, H. D., Shah, S. T., Pasquale, L. R., Thieme, H., Iwamoto, M. A., and Park, J. E., Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N. Engl. J. Med., 331, 1480–1487 (1994).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutel, J., Rudolf, M., and Grisanti, S., Current and future therapies for age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin. Emerg. Drugs, 14, 341–362 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bressler, N. M., Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: two-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-tap report 2. Arch. Ophthalmol., 119, 198–207 (2001).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. M., Kaiser, P. K., Michels, M., Soubrane, G., Heier, J. S., Kim, R. Y., Sy, J. P., and Schneider, S., Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med., 355, 1432–1444 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carmeliet, P., Moons, L., Luttun, A., Vincenti, V., Compernolle, V., De Mol, M., Wu, Y., Bono, F., Devy, L., Beck, H., Scholz, D., Acker, T., Dipalma, T., Dewerchin, M., Noel, A., Stalmans, I., Barra, A., Blacher, S., Vandendriessche, T., Ponten, A., Eriksson, U., Plate, K. H., Foidart, J. M., Schaper, W., Charnock-jones, D. S., Hicklin, D. J., Herbert, J. M., Collen, D., and Persico, M. G., Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions. Nat. Med., 7, 575–583 (2001).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J. and Smith, L. E., Retinopathy of prematurity. Angiogenesis, 10, 133–140 (2007).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, K. M., Sangiovanni, J. P., Lofqvist, C., Aderman, C. M., Chen, J., Higuchi, A., Hong, S., Pravda, E. A., Majchrzak, S., Carper, D., Hellstrom, A., Kang, J. X., Chew, E. Y., Salem, N. Jr., Serhan, C. N., and Smith, L. E., Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat. Med., 13, 868–873 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cunha-Vaz, J. G., The blood-retinal barriers. Doc. Ophthalmol., 41, 287–327 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. A., Ciulla, T. A., Mcgill, J. B., Kles, K. A., and Anderson, P. W., How the diabetic eye loses vision. Endocrine, 32, 107–116 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, P. T., Age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med., 355, 1474–1485 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, J. A., Oliver, S. C., Olson, J. L., and Mandava, N., VEGF Trap-Eye for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 18, 1573–1580 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doukas, J., Mahesh, S., Umeda, N., Kachi, S., Akiyama, H., Yokoi, K., Cao, J., Chen, Z., Dellamary, L., Tam, B., Racanelli-layton, A., Hood, J., Martin, M., Noronha, G., Soll, R., and Campochiaro, P. A., Topical administration of a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor suppresses choroidal neovascularization and retinal edema. J. Cell. Physiol., 216, 29–37 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, A. O., Ritter, R. 3rd, Abel, K. J., Manning, A., Panhuysen, C., and Farrer, L. A., Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science, 308, 421–424 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Remessy, A. B., Abou-Mohamed, G., Caldwell, R. W., and Caldwell, R. B., High glucose-induced tyrosine nitration in endothelial cells: role of eNOS uncoupling and aldose reductase activation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 44, 3135–3143 (2003).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, F. L. 3rd, Fine, S. L., and Hyman, L., Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol., 102, 1640–1642 (1984).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman, J., Angiogenesis. Annu. Rev. Med., 57, 1–18 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. N., Diabetic retinopathy. N. Engl. J. Med., 350, 48–58 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, D. S., O’Colmain, B. J., Munoz, B., Tomany, S. C., Mccarty, C., De Jong, P. T., Nemesure, B., Mitchell, P., and Kempen, J., Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch. Ophthalmol., 122, 564–572 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Funatsu, H., Yamashita, H., Noma, H., Mimura, T., Yamashita, T., and Hori, S., Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the aqueous humor of diabetics with macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 133, 70–77 (2002).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gariano, R. F. and Gardner, T. W., Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease. Nature, 438, 960–966 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gehrs, K. M., Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., and Hageman, G. S., Age-related macular degeneration-emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts. Ann. Med., 38, 450–471 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, C., Rahi, J., Eckstein, M., O’sullivan, J., and Foster, A., Retinopathy of prematurity in middle-income countries. Lancet, 350, 12–14 (1997).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Good, W. V., Hardy, R. J., Dobson, V., Palmer, E. A., Phelps, D. L., Quintos, M., and Tung, B., The incidence and course of retinopathy of prematurity: findings from the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study. Pediatrics, 116, 15–23 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haller, J. A., Qin, H., Apte, R. S., Beck, R. R., Bressler, N. M., Browning, D. J., Danis, R. P., Glassman, A. R., Googe, J. M., Kollman, C., Lauer, A. K., Peters, M. A., and Stockman, M. E., Vitrectomy outcomes in eyes with diabetic macular edema and vitreomacular traction. Ophthalmology, 117, 1087–1093 e3 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heidary, G., Vanderveen, D., and Smith, L. E., Retinopathy of prematurity: current concepts in molecular pathogenesis. Semin. Ophthalmol., 24, 77–81 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellberg, C., Ostman, A., and Heldin, C. H., PDGF and vessel maturation. Recent Results Cancer Res., 180, 103–114 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom, A., Perruzzi, C., Ju, M., Engstrom, E., Hard, A. L., Liu, J. L., Albertsson-Wikland, K., Carlsson, B., Niklasson, A., Sjodell, L., Leroith, D., Senger, D. R., and Smith, L. E., Low IGF-I suppresses VEGF-survival signaling in retinal endothelial cells: direct correlation with clinical retinopathy of prematurity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98, 5804–5808 (2001).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, G. B. 3rd, Surgical management of retinopathy of prematurity. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol., 19, 384–390 (2008).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jager, R. D., Mieler, W. F., and Miller, J. W., Age-related macular degeneration. N. Engl. J. Med., 358, 2606–2617 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joussen, A. M., Doehmen, S., Le, M. L., Koizumi, K., Radetzky, S., Krohne, T. U., Poulaki, V., Semkova, I., and Kociok, N., TNF-alpha mediated apoptosis plays an important role in the development of early diabetic retinopathy and long-term histopathological alterations. Mol. Vis., 15, 1418–1428 (2009).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, Y. J., Isaacs, J. S., Lee, S., Trepel, J., and Neckers, L., IL-1beta-mediated up-regulation of HIF-1alpha via an NFkappaB/COX-2 pathway identifies HIF-1 as a critical link between inflammation and oncogenesis. FASEB J., 17, 2115–2117 (2003).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, P. K., Vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-Eye for diabetic macular oedema. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 93, 135–136 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kempen, J. H., O’Colmain, B. J., Leske, M. C., Haffner, S. M., KleIn, R., Moss, S. E., Taylor, H. R., and Hamman, R. F., The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among adults in the United States. Arch. Ophthalmol., 122, 552–563 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Khwarg, S. I., Choung, H. K., and Yu, Y. S., Management of porous polyethylene implant exposure in patients with retinoblastoma following enucleation. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging, 35, 446–452 (2004).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Park, J. A., Lee, S. W., Kim, W. J., Yu, Y. S., and Kim, K. W., Blood-neural barrier: intercellular communication at glio-vascular interface. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 39, 339–345 (2006).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Yu, Y. S., Shin, J. Y., Lee, H. Y., and Kim, K. W., Deguelin inhibits retinal neovascularization by downregulation of HIF-1alpha in oxygen-induced retinopathy. J. Cell. Mol. Med., 12, 2407–2415 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Lee, Y. M., Ahn, E. M., Kim, K. W., and Yu, Y. S., Decursin inhibits VEGF-mediated inner blood-retinal barrier breakdown by suppression of VEGFR-2 activation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 29, 1559–1567 (2009a).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Oh, M., Yu, Y. S., Kim, K. W., and Kwon, H. J., N-hydroxy-7-(2-naphthylthio) heptanomide inhibits retinal and choroidal angiogenesis. Mol. Pharm., 6, 513–519 (2009b).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Jun, H. O., Yu, Y. S., and Kim, K. W., Inhibition of protein kinase C delta attenuates blood-retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy. Am. J. Pathol., 176, 1517–1524 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, M. S., Kwon, H. J., Lee, Y. M., Baek, J. H., Jang, J. E., Lee, S. W., Moon, E. J., Kim, H. S., Lee, S. K., Chung, H. Y., Kim, C. W., and Kim, K. W., Histone deacetylases induce angiogenesis by negative regulation of tumor suppressor genes. Nat. Med., 7, 437–443 (2001).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R., Peto, T., Bird, A., and Vannewkirk, M. R., The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 137, 486–495 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kliffen, M., Sharma, H. S., Mooy, C. M., Kerkvliet, S., and De Jong, P. T., Increased expression of angiogenic growth factors in age-related maculopathy. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 81, 154–162 (1997).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kvanta, A., Steen, B., and Seregard, S., Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retinoblastoma but not in posterior uveal melanoma. Exp. Eye Res., 63, 511–518 (1996).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. Y., Kim, D. K., Cho, J. H., Koh, J. Y., and Yoon, Y. H., Inhibitory effect of bevacizumab on the angiogenesis and growth of retinoblastoma. Arch. Ophthalmol., 126, 953–958 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, P. and O’Brien, J. M., Frontiers in the management of retinoblastoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 148, 192–198 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, P. F., Sippy, B. D., Lambert, H. M., Thach, A. B., and Hinton, D. R., Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration-related choroidal neovascular membranes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 37, 855–868 (1996).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantagos, I. S., Vanderveen, D. K., and Smith, L. E., Emerging treatments for retinopathy of prematurity. Semin. Ophthalmol., 24, 82–86 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mintz-Hittner, H. A., Avastin as monotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. J. AAPOS, 14, 2–3 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, N., De Kozak, Y., Normand, N., Courtois, Y., Jeanny, J. C., Benezra, D., and Behar-Cohen, F., PlGF-1 and VEGFR-1 pathway regulation of the external epithelial hemato-ocular barrier. A model for retinal edema. Ophthalmic Res., 40, 203–207 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mousa, S. A. and Mousa, S. S., Current status of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in age-related macular degeneration. BioDrugs, 24, 183–194 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, Z. and Hui, P., Emerging pharmacologic therapies for wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica, 223, 401–410 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, S. H., Woo, J. K., Yazici, Y. D., Myers, J. N., Kim, W. Y., Jin, Q., Hong, S. S., Park, H. J., Suh, Y. G., Kim, K. W., Hong, W. K., and Lee, H. Y., Structural basis for depletion of heat shock protein 90 client proteins by deguelin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 99, 949–961 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozkiris, A., Anti-VEGF agents for age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 20, 103–118 (2010).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, E. A., Flynn, J. T., Hardy, R. J., Phelps, D. L., Phillips, C. L., Schaffer, D. B., and Tung, B., Incidence and early course of retinopathy of prematurity. The Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Ophthalmology, 98, 1628–1640 (1991).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penn, J. S., Madan, A., Caldwell, R. B., Bartoli, M., Caldwell, R. W., and Hartnett, M. E., Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease. Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 27, 331–371 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PIna, Y., Boutrid, H., Schefler, A., Dubovy, S., Feuer, W., Jockovich, M. E., and Murray, T. G., Blood vessel maturation in retinoblastoma tumors: spatial distribution of neovessels and mature vessels and its impact on ocular treatment. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 50, 1020–1024 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh, C. W. and Ratcliffe, P. J., Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF system. Nat. Med., 9, 677–684 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quiram, P. A. and Capone, A. Jr., Current understanding and management of retinopathy of prematurity. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol., 18, 228–234 (2007).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Repka, M. X., Tung, B., Good, W. V., Shapiro, M., Capone, A., Jr., Baker, J. D., Barr, C. C., Phelps, D. L., and Van Heuven, W. A., Outcome of eyes developing retinal detachment during the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study (ETROP). Arch. Ophthalmol., 124, 24–30 (2006).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricart, A. D., Tolcher, A. W., Liu, G., Holen, K., Schwartz, G., Albertini, M., Weiss, G., Yazji, S., Ng, C., and Wilding, G., Volociximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody that specifically binds alpha5beta1 integrin: a phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological correlative study. Clin. Cancer Res., 14, 7924–7929 (2008).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rishi, E., Rishi, P., Ratra, D., and Bhende, M., Off-label use of bevacizumab in retinopathy of prematurity. Retina, 29, 284; author reply 284–285 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapieha, P., Hamel, D., Shao, Z., Rivera, J. C., Zaniolo, K., Joyal, J. S., and Chemtob, S., Proliferative retinopathies: angiogenesis that blinds. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 42, 5–12 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, T., Kusaka, S., Shimojo, H., and Fujikado, T., Simultaneous analyses of vitreous levels of 27 cytokines in eyes with retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology, 116, 2165–2169 (2009).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, C. J. and Ratcliffe, P. J., Oxygen sensing by HIF hydroxylases. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5, 343–354 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sfikakis, P. P., Markomichelakis, N., Theodossiadis, G. P., Grigoropoulos, V., Katsilambros, N., and Theodossiadis, P. G., Regression of sight-threatening macular edema in type 2 diabetes following treatment with the anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody infliximab. Diabetes Care, 28, 445–447 (2005).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, J., Samul, R., Silva, R. L., Akiyama, H., Liu, H., Saishin, Y., Hackett, S. F., Zinnen, S., Kossen, K., Fosnaugh, K., Vargeese, C., Gomez, A., Bouhana, K., Aitchison, R., Pavco, P., and Campochiaro, P. A., Suppression of ocular neovascularization with siRNA targeting VEGF receptor 1. Gene Ther., 13, 225–234 (2006).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, C. L., Shields, J. A., Baez, K. A., Cater, J., and De Potter, P. V., Choroidal invasion of retinoblastoma: metastatic potential and clinical risk factors. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 77, 544–548 (1993).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, C. L., Shields, J. A., Baez, K., Cater, J. R., and De Potter, P., Optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma. Metastatic potential and clinical risk factors. Cancer, 73, 692–698 (1994).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singerman, L., Combination therapy using the small interfering RNA bevasiranib. Retina, 29, S49-S50 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Slakter, J. S., Anecortave acetate for treating or preventing choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am., 19, 373–380 (2006).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smiddy, W. E. and Flynn, H. W. Jr., Vitrectomy in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Surv. Ophthalmol., 43, 491–507 (1999).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stitt, A. W., Simpson, D. A., Boocock, C., Gardiner, T. A., Murphy, G. M., and Archer, D. B., Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors is regulated in eyes with intra-ocular tumours. J. Pathol., 186, 306–312 (1998).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thurman, J. M., Renner, B., Kunchithapautham, K., Ferreira, V. P., Pangburn, M. K., Ablonczy, Z., Tomlinson, S., Holers, V. M., and Rohrer, B., Oxidative stress renders retinal pigment epithelial cells susceptible to complement-mediated injury. J. Biol. Chem., 284, 16939–16947 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tian, N., Visual experience and maturation of retinal synaptic pathways. Vision Res., 44, 3307–3316 (2004).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tolentino, M. J., Current molecular understanding and future treatment strategies for pathologic ocular neovascularization. Curr. Mol. Med., 9, 973–981 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weis, S. M. and Cheresh, D. A., Pathophysiological consequences of VEGF-induced vascular permeability. Nature, 437, 497–504 (2005).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zahn, G., Vossmeyer, D., Stragies, R., Wills, M., Wong, C. G., Loffler, K. U., Adamis, A. P., and Knolle, J., Preclinical evaluation of the novel small-molecule integrin alpha5beta1 inhibitor JSM6427 in monkey and rabbit models of choroidal neovascularization. Arch. Ophthalmol., 127, 1329–1335 (2009).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea

    Dong Hyun Jo & Jeong Hun Kim

  2. Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, Korea

    Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Hyoung Kim & Jeong Hun Kim

  3. FARB (Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness) Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul Artificial Eye Center, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Korea

    Jeong Hun Kim

Authors
  1. Dong Hyun Jo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jin Hyoung Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jeong Hun Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeong Hun Kim.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jo, D.H., Kim, J.H. & Kim, J.H. How to overcome retinal neuropathy: The fight against angiogenesisrelated blindness. Arch. Pharm. Res. 33, 1557–1565 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-010-1007-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-010-1007-6

Key words

Search

Navigation