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Inflammatory Cytokines and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review from the Perspective of Genetic Polymorphisms

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Abstract

Neuroinflammatory processes are a central feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in which microglia are over-activated, resulting in the increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, deficiencies in the anti-inflammatory system may also contribute to neuroinflammation. Recently, advanced methods for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms have further supported the relationship between neuroinflammatory factors and AD risk because a series of polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes have been shown to be associated with AD. In this review, we summarize the polymorphisms of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines related to AD, primarily interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta, as well as their functional activity in AD pathology. Exploration of the relationship between inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and AD risk may facilitate our understanding of AD pathogenesis and contribute to improved treatment strategies.

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Acknowledgements

This review was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91332104 and 81201080); the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, China (NCET-13-0117); the Key Program for Clinical Medicine and Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province Clinical Medical Research Center, China (BL2013025); the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK2012337); the National High-Tech R&D Program (863 Program) of China (SQ2015AA0200064); the Doctoral Fund of the Ministry of Education of China (20120092120068); and the Graduate Candidate Research Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (KYLX15_0188).

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  1. Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China

    Fan Su, Feng Bai & Zhijun Zhang

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Correspondence to Feng Bai.

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Su, F., Bai, F. & Zhang, Z. Inflammatory Cytokines and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review from the Perspective of Genetic Polymorphisms. Neurosci. Bull. 32, 469–480 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-016-0055-4

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