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Biogeochemistry of a River-Dominated Estuary Influenced by Drought and Storms

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Abstract

Increased frequency and severity of droughts, as well as growing human freshwater demands, in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin are expected to lead to a long-term decrease in freshwater discharge to Apalachicola Bay (Florida). To date, no long-term studies have assessed how river discharge variability affects the Bay’s phytoplankton community. Here a 14-year time series was used to assess the influence of hydrologic variability on the biogeochemistry and phytoplankton biomass in Apalachicola Bay. Data were collected at 10 sites in the bay along the salinity gradient and include drought and storm periods. Riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate inputs were correlated to river discharge, but chlorophyll a (Chl a) was similar between periods of drought and average/above-average river discharge in most of the Bay. Results suggest that the potentially negative impact of decreased riverine nutrient input on Bay phytoplankton biomass is mitigated by the nutrient buffering capacity of the estuary. Additionally, increased light availability, longer residence time, and decreased grazing pressures may allow more Chl a biomass to accumulate during drought. In contrast to droughts, tropical cyclones and subsequent increases in river discharge increased flushing and reduced light penetration, leading to reduced Chl a in the Bay. Analysis of the time series revealed that Chl a concentrations in the Bay do not directly mirror the effect of riverine nutrient input, which is masked by multiple interacting mechanisms (i.e., nutrient loading and retention, grazing, flushing, light penetration) that need to be considered when projecting the response of Bay Chl a to changes in freshwater input.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Apalachicola National Estuary Research Reserve (NERR) staff for collecting the data and providing supporting information for the data acquired from the Central Data Management Office. We also thank the helpful comments from the Associate Editor and two anonymous reviewers.

Funding

Funding for this research was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NERR Graduate Research Fellowship (grant number NA11NOS4200083) to NLG and by the Florida State University.

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  1. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, 117 N. Woodward Ave., Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA

    Natalie Geyer & Markus Huettel

  2. Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA

    Michael Wetz

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  1. Natalie Geyer
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Correspondence to Markus Huettel.

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Communicated by James L. Pinckney

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Geyer, N., Huettel, M. & Wetz, M. Biogeochemistry of a River-Dominated Estuary Influenced by Drought and Storms. Estuaries and Coasts 41, 2009–2023 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-018-0411-x

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