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The Impact of Sediment and Carbon Fluxes on the Biogeochemistry of Methane and Sulfur in Littoral Baltic Sea Sediments (Himmerfjärden, Sweden)

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Abstract

Three sediment stations in Himmerfjärden estuary (Baltic Sea, Sweden) were sampled in May 2009 and June 2010 to test how low salinity (5–7 ‰), high primary productivity partially induced by nutrient input from an upstream waste water treatment plant, and high overall sedimentation rates impact the sedimentary cycling of methane and sulfur. Rates of sediment accumulation determined using 210Pbexcess and 137Cs were very high (0.65–0.95 cm year−1), as were the corresponding rates of organic matter accumulation (8.9–9.5 mol C m−2 year−1) at all three sites. Dissolved sulfate penetrated <20 cm below the sediment surface. Although measured rates of bicarbonate methanogenesis integrated over 1 m depth were low (0.96–1.09 mol m−2 year−1), methane concentrations increased to >2 mmol L−1 below the sulfate–methane transition. A steep gradient of methane through the entire sulfate zone led to upward (diffusive and bio-irrigative) fluxes of 0.32 to 0.78 mol m−2 year−1 methane to the sediment–water interface. Areal rates of sulfate reduction (1.46–1.92 mol m−2 year−1) integrated over the upper 0–14 cm of sediment appeared to be limited by the restricted diffusive supply of sulfate, low bio-irrigation (α = 2.8–3.1 year−1), and limited residence time of the sedimentary organic carbon in the sulfate zone. A large fraction of reduced sulfur as pyrite and organic-bound sulfur was buried and thus escaped reoxidation in the surface sediment. The presence of ferrous iron in the pore water (with concentrations up to 110 μM) suggests that iron reduction plays an important role in surface sediments, as well as in sediment layers deep below the sulfate–methane transition. We conclude that high rates of sediment accumulation and shallow sulfate penetration are the master variables for biogeochemistry of methane and sulfur cycling; in particular, they may significantly allow for release of methane into the water column in the Himmerfjärden estuary.

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Acknowledgments

This work has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) under grant agreement 217246 of the ERANET BONUS project BALTIC GAS (BMBF 03F0488D to TF), the Max Planck Society, and the Stockholm University, and a Ph.D. scholarship from the Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) to N. M. Thang. We would like to thank these institutions for their financial support. We thank the crew and staff at the Äsko Laboratory and Kirsten Imhoff, Andrea Schipper, and Gabriele Schüßler for assistance in the laboratory. The comments of Dr. M. Holmer, Dr. S. Henkel, and one anonymous reviewer were very constructive and highly appreciated. N.M. Thang especially thanks Laura M. Wehrmann for many interesting discussions and for English corrections.

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  1. Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Nguyen Manh Thang, Michael Formolo, Bo Barker Jørgensen & Timothy G. Ferdelman

  2. Department of Geological Science, Stockholm University, Fack 710731, R017, 106 54, Stockholm, Sweden

    Volker Brüchert & Livija Ginters

  3. The University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker Drive, Tulsa, OK, 47104-9700, USA

    Michael Formolo

  4. Center for Geomicrobiology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Bo Barker Jørgensen

  5. HGF–MPG Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27515, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Gunter Wegener

  6. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, D–28359, Bremen, Germany

    Gunter Wegener

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Thang, N.M., Brüchert, V., Formolo, M. et al. The Impact of Sediment and Carbon Fluxes on the Biogeochemistry of Methane and Sulfur in Littoral Baltic Sea Sediments (Himmerfjärden, Sweden). Estuaries and Coasts 36, 98–115 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-012-9557-0

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