Abstract
Silver scurf, caused by Helminthosporium solani, and black dot, caused by Colletotrichum coccodes, cause tuber blemishes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) which affect processing and fresh market trade. Tubers from ten cultivars were collected at harvest from three organic farms in Wisconsin and categorized as symptomatic or asymptomatic based on visual symptoms of silver scurf and black dot and/or signs of H. solani and C. coccodes. Tuber incubation and PCR assays were performed on asymptomatic tubers to detect H. solani and C. coccodes. Tuber incubation and PCR assays were in slight to fair agreement (kappa coefficient <0.4) for detecting both pathogens. Most asymptomatic tubers tested were positive by one or both assays for H. solani (75 %) or C. coccodes (94 %). Minituber inoculation assays were also performed to screen potato lines for resistance to silver scurf. Of the 14 lines tested, a diploid interspecific hybrid, C287, had consistently low sporulation, suggesting it has partial resistance to silver scurf. Since the majority of tubers harvested are already infected with one or both pathogens further research should focus on organically acceptable management practices that may inhibit disease development in field and in storage.
Resumen
La mancha plateada, causada por Helminthosporium solani y la mancha negra, por Colletotrichum coccodes, originan manchas en los tubérculos de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.), que afectan el intercambio de mercado de procesamiento y en fresco. Se colectaron tubérculos de diez variedades a la cosecha de tres unidades de producción orgánica en Wisconsin, y se clasificaron como sintomáticas y asintomáticas con base en síntomas visuales de mancha plateada o negra y/o con señales de H. solani y C. coccodes. Se condujeron incubaciones de tubérculo y ensayos de PCR en tubérculos asintomáticos para la detección de H. solani y C. coccodes. La incubación de los tubérculos y los ensayos de PCR coincidieron de ligera a consistentemente (coeficiente de Kappa <0.4) en la detección de ambos patógenos. La mayoría de los tubérculos asintomáticos probados fueron positivos por uno o ambos ensayos para H. solani (75 %) o C. coccodes (94 %). También se efectuaron ensayos de inoculación en minitubérculos para seleccionar líneas de papa para la resistencia de la mancha plateada. De las 14 líneas probadas, un híbrido interespecífico diploide, C287, tuvo baja esporulación consistentemente, sugiriendo que tiene resistencia parcial a la mancha plateada. Considerando que la mayoría de los tubérculos cosechados ya están infectados con uno o ambos patógenos, la investigación futura se podría enfocar en prácticas de manejo orgánicamente aceptables que pudieran inhibir el desarrollo de la enfermedad en el campo y en el almacén.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Nicholas Keuler for help with statistical analyses and Samantha Sparrow for performing the minituber inoculation assays. We thank Dr. Douglas Rouse for help with discussion, and organic potato growers: Brad, Brian and Tom Igl, Chris Malek and George Kohn for their assistance. This work was funded by the Graduate Student Research grant from the Ceres Trust and the USDA-OREI grant 2009-51300-05582.
All the experiments performed complied with the current regulations of the United States of America.
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Supplementary Fig. 1
Conidia and Conidiophores of Helminthosporium solani (left side) and sclerotia of Colletotrichum coccodes (right side) observed in close proximity on a potato tuber periderm under a dissecting microscope (JPEG 47 kb)
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Mattupalli, C., Genger, R.K. & Charkowski, A.O. Evaluating Incidence of Helminthosporium solani and Colletotrichum coccodes on Asymptomatic Organic Potatoes and Screening Potato Lines for Resistance to Silver Scurf. Am. J. Potato Res. 90, 369–377 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-013-9314-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12230-013-9314-3