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Review of Vegetative Branching in the Palms (Arecaceae)

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Abstract

Vegetative branching is common in the palms (Arecaceae). However, current terms to describe vegetative branching diversity are not consistent and do not cover the full range of branching types. In this study vegetative branching types in the palms were reviewed and defined, and the phylogenetic distribution of palm branching types was described. Branching types were described from a literature review and field observations; 1903 species representing all 181 genera were included. Five branching types were found: lateral axillary branching, shoot apical division, false vivipary, abaxial branching, and leaf-opposed branching. Most species (55%) exhibited no vegetative branching. Lateral axillary was the most common branching type. Lateral axillary branching and shoot apical division were predicted to be the earliest-evolved branching types. The present study suggests that branching types have different evolutionary histories, and it is likely that the solitary habit is more common now than when palms initially diverged from commelinid relatives.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Scott Zona for his extensive guidance and help editing, Dr. Jack Fisher for his help with the anatomical analysis and Dr. P. Barry Tomlinson for his help with the literature review and for anatomical insights. SME gratefully acknowledges the support of the Florida International University Dissertation Year Fellowship and the FIU International Center for Tropical Botany, both of which provided time for completing her dissertation; this research was completed in partial fulfillmet of her dissertation requirements. She also acknowledges the support of a Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Graduate Fellowship, which supported her during her dissertation research.

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  1. Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA

    Sara M. Edelman & Jennifer H. Richards

  2. International Center for Tropical Botany, 4013 Douglas Road, Miami, FL, 33133, USA

    Sara M. Edelman & Jennifer H. Richards

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Correspondence to Sara M. Edelman.

Appendix

Appendix

Table 4 Genera, species counts and references for the five branching types and their combinations for subfamily Calamoideae. Number under species counts give species reviewed or examined/number of species in genus
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Table 5 Genera, species counts and references for the five branching types and their combinations for subfamily Coryphoideae. Number under species counts give species reviewed or examined/number of species in genus
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Table 6 Genera, species counts and references for the four branching types and their combinations for subfamily Ceroxyloideae. Number under species counts give species reviewed or examined/number of species in genus
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Table 7 Genera, species counts and references for the four branching types and their combinations for subfamily Arecoideae (A. Acanthophoenix- Beccariophoenix, B. Bentinckia- Drymophloeus, C. Dypsis- Leopoldinia, D. Lepidorrhachis-Prestoea, E. Ptychococcus-Voaniola, F. Wallaceodoxa- Wodyetia. Number under species counts give species reviewed or examined/number of species in genus
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Edelman, S.M., Richards, J.H. Review of Vegetative Branching in the Palms (Arecaceae). Bot. Rev. 85, 40–77 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-018-9200-2

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