Abstract
The contextual factors associated with proactive and reactive subtypes of aggression have not been well-studied. In order to address this omission in the literature, the current study evaluated relations between perceived best friend delinquency, negative life events, and proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of 147 school-age children (Mage = 8.22 years; 54.4% male). Multiple regression analyses suggested that negative life events were uniquely associated with reactive aggression and best friend delinquency was uniquely associated with proactive aggression. Findings and their implications are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bauman, K. E., & Ennett, S. T. (1994). Peer influence on adolescent drug use. The American Psychologist, 49, 820–822.
Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 466–480.
Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2007). Differential relations of instrumental and reactive aggression with maladjustment: Does adaptivity depend on function? In P. H. Hawley, T. D. Little, & P. C. Rodkin (Eds.), Aggression and adaptation: The bright side to bad behavior (pp. 107–124). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Connor, D. F. (2002). Aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
Connor, D. F., Steingard, R. J., Anderson, J. J., & Melloni, R. H. (2003). Gender differences in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 33(4), 279–294.
Connor, D. F., Steingard, R. J., Cunningham, J. A., Anderson, J. J., & Melloni, R. H. (2004). Proactive and reactive aggression in referred children and adolescents. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(2), 129–136.
Deater-Deckard, K. (2001). Annotation: recent research examining the role of peer relationships in the development of psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 565–579.
Dishion, T. J., Spracklen, K. M., Andrews, D. W., & Patterson, G. R. (1996). Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. Behavior Therapy, 27(3), 373–390.
Dodge, K. A. (1991). The structure and function of reactive aggression. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 201–218). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146–1158.
Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37–51.
Elliott, D. S. (1994). Serious violent offenders: onset, developmental course, and termination (The American Society of Criminology 1993 Presidential Address). Criminology, 32, 1–21.
Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and antisocial behavior from childhood: key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 929–964.
Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J. (1999). Child peer relationship problems and young people’s involvement in deviant peers in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27(5), 357–369.
Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2007). Pathways from proactive and reactive aggression to substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 353–364.
Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2008). The relation between childhood proactive and reactive aggression and substance use initiation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 261–271.
Fite, P. J., Stoppelbein, L., & Greening, L. (2009a). Proactive and reactive aggression in a child psychiatric inpatient population. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(2), 199–205.
Fite, P. J., Wynn, P., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2009b). The effect of neighborhood disadvantage on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(4), 542–546.
Fite, P. J., Raine, A., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., & Pardini, D. A. (2010a). Reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent males: examining differential outcomes 10-years later in early adulthood. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37, 141–157.
Fite, P. J., Vitulano, M., Wynn, P., Wimsatt, A., Gaertner, A., & Rathert, J. (2010b). Influence of perceived neighborhood safety on proactive and reactive aggression. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(6), 757–768.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105.
Haynie, D. L. (2001). Delinquent peers revisited: does network structure matter? The American Journal of Sociology, 106(4), 1013–1057.
Herrera, V. M., & McCloskey, L. A. (2001). Gender differences in the risk for delinquency among youth exposed to family violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25, 1037–1051.
Hoffmann, J. P., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional efffects of stress on delinquency and substance use: a strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 46–78.
Hubbard, J. A., Romano, L. J., McAuliffe, M. D., & Morrow, M. T. (2010). Anger and the reactive-proactive aggression distinction in childhood and adolescence. In M. Potegal, G. Stemmler, & C. Spielberger (Eds.), International handbook of anger: Constituent and concomitant biological, psychological, and social processes (pp. 231–241). New York: Springer.
Kazdin, A. E. (1995). Child, parent, and family dysfunction as predictors of outcome in cognitive-behavioral treatment of antisocial children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 271–281.
Kim, K. J., Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H., & Lorenz, F. O. (2003). Reciprocal influences between stressful life events and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. Child Development, 74, 127–143.
Ladd, G. W., & Emerson, E. S. (1984). Shared knowledge in children’s friendships. Developmental Psychology, 20(5), 932–940.
Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Best friendships, group relationships, and antisocial behavior in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(4), 413–437.
Little, T. D., Jones, S. M., Henrich, C. C., & Hawley, P. H. (2003). Disentangling the “whys” from the “whats” of aggressive behaviour. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 122–133.
Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Parental and early childhood predictors of persistent physical aggression in boys from kindergarten to highschool. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 389–394.
Patterson, G. R., & Yoerger, K. (2002). A developmental model for early- and late-onset delinquency. In J. B. Reid, G. R. Patterson, & J. Snyder (Eds.), Antisocial behavior in children and adolescence: A developmental analysis and model for intervention (pp. 147–172). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). Reactive and proactive aggression: evidence of a two-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 12, 115–122.
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, D., et al. (2006). The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 159–171. Journal of Early Adolescence, 26, 272–295.
Reitz, E., Dekkovic, M., Meijer, A. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2006). Longitudinal relations among parenting, best friends, and early adolescent problem behavior: Testing bidirectional effects.
Roosa, M. W., Burrell, G. L., Nair, R. L., Coxe, S., Tein, J.-Y., & Knight, G. P. (2010). Neighborhood disadvantage and adjustment among Mexican American early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 567–592.
Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1997). The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying. Child Development, 4, 665–675.
Shaw, D. S., Gilliom, M., Ingoldsby, E. M., & Nagin, D. S. (2003). Trajectories leading to school-age conduct problems. Developmental Psychology, 39, 189–200.
Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). Reactive aggression among maltreated children: the contributions of attention and emotion dysregulation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 27, 381–395.
Swearingen, E. M., & Cohen, L. H. (1985). Measurement of adolescents’ life events: The Junior High Life Experiences Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 69–85.
Thoits, P. A. (1983). Dimensions of life events that influence psychological distress: An evaluation and synthesis of the literature. In H. B. Kaplan (Ed.), Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research (pp. 33–103). New York: Academic.
Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Seguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Zelazo, P. D., Boivin, M., et al. (2004). Physical aggression during early childhood: trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics, 114, e43–e50.
Turner, H. A., & Finkelhor, D. (1996). Corporal punishment as a stressor among youth. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58, 155–166.
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Barker, E. D. (2006). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: a developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 12–19.
Warr, M. (1996). Organization and instigation in delinquent groups. Criminology, 34, 11–37.
Waschbusch, D. A., Willoughby, M. T., & Pehlam, W. E. (1998). Criterion validity and the utility of reactive and proactive aggression: comparisons to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and other measures of functioning. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 396–405.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fite, P.J., Wimsatt, A.R., Elkins, S. et al. Contextual Influences of Proactive and Reactive Subtypes of Aggression. Child Ind Res 5, 123–133 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9116-4
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-011-9116-4