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Salt De-Emulsification Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Back-Extraction Combined with Sweeping Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for Detection of Triazine Herbicides in Honey

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Abstract

A rapid, simple, and sensitive method has been developed for the analysis of triazine herbicides in honey samples by using salt de-emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and back-extraction (SD-DLLME-BE) coupled with sweeping in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). In the newly developed method, chloroform can be generated by the reaction of chloral hydrate and sodium hydroxide, and the chloroform droplets dispersed into bulk aqueous solution can be swiftly carried to the bottom of the centrifuge tube with the addition of calcium chloride. Then, back-extraction was utilized to extract the analytes into an aqueous solution prior to capillary electrophoresis (CE) analysis. The advantages of the new in situ DLLME lie in dispersive solvent-free and no centrifugation operation compared with the conventional DLLME. Several important parameters influencing the preconcentration and extraction efficiency of SD-DLLME-BE such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration, pH, chloral hydrate and sodium hydroxide content, extraction time, and calcium chloride content were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors were achieved in the range from 459 to 636. The proposed method provided a good linearity, low limits of detection (8.56 ng/mL), and good repeatability of the extractions (relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 8.8 %, n = 6). Honey samples were analyzed by the proposed method, and obtained results indicated that the proposed method provides acceptable recoveries and precisions.

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Funding

This study was funded by the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Shandong Province (2014GSF121003), Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker (Qingdao University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2011BM004).

Conflict of Interest

Mei-E Yue declares that she has no conflict of interest. Qian Li declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ting-Fu Jiang declares that he got grant from Shandong Province (2014GSF121003 and ZR2011BM004). Jie Xu declares that she has no conflict of interest.

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Additional informed consent was obtained from all individual participants for whom identifying information is included in this article.

Ethical Standards

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China

    Mei-E Yue, Qian Li & Jie Xu

  2. School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China

    Ting-Fu Jiang

Authors
  1. Mei-E Yue
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  2. Qian Li
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  3. Jie Xu
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  4. Ting-Fu Jiang
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Correspondence to Ting-Fu Jiang.

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Yue, ME., Li, Q., Xu, J. et al. Salt De-Emulsification Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Back-Extraction Combined with Sweeping Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography for Detection of Triazine Herbicides in Honey. Food Anal. Methods 9, 699–705 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0231-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0231-6

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