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Chemical Pretreatment Techniques for Biofuels and Biorefineries from Softwood

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Pretreatment Techniques for Biofuels and Biorefineries

Part of the book series: Green Energy and Technology ((GREEN))

Abstract

Lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, grass, and agricultural and forest residues, are potential resources for the production of bioethanol. The biochemical process of converting biomass to bioethanol typically consists of three main steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. During the whole process, pretreatment is probably the most crucial step since it has a large impact on the efficiency of the overall bioconversion. The aim of pretreatment is to disrupt recalcitrant structures of cellulosic biomass to make cellulose more accessible to the enzymes that convert carbohydrate polymers into fermentable sugars. Physical, physical–chemical, chemical, and biological processes have been used for pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. This chapter summarizes the leading technologies in chemical pretreatment on softwood, particularly pine species, which generally show relatively higher recalcitrance than hardwood, grass, and other lignocellulosic materials. Different chemical pretreatment techniques, including dilute acid pretreatment, alkaline hydrolysis, wet oxidation, sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocellulose (SPORL), organosolv, ionic liquids pretreatment, and ozonolysis process are intensively introduced and discussed. In this chapter, the key points are focused on the structural changes primarily in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin during the above leading pretreatment technologies.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support from the US Department of Energy (DOE biorefinery project: DE-EE0003144) for these studies.

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  1. School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332-0440, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Arthur J. Ragauskas & Fang Huang

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  1. Arthur J. Ragauskas
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Correspondence to Arthur J. Ragauskas .

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  1. , Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuefulu 88, Kunming, 650223, China, People's Republic

    Zhen Fang

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Ragauskas, A.J., Huang, F. (2013). Chemical Pretreatment Techniques for Biofuels and Biorefineries from Softwood. In: Fang, Z. (eds) Pretreatment Techniques for Biofuels and Biorefineries. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32735-3_8

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