Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The validity and reliability of thriving scale in academic context: Mindfulness, GPA, and entrepreneurial intention among university students

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to adapt the thriving scale into Turkish by considering its academic context and to examine the mediating role of thriving in the relationship between mindfulness, GPA scores, and entrepreneurial intention. The sample of the study has involved the participation of 134 students from five different departments of Istanbul Medeniyet University in Turkey, using data collected at three-time points in the spring semester of 2019. At the first and second time points, students filled out an online survey made up of questions regarding demographics, mindfulness, entrepreneurship, and thriving; while at the third time point, researchers obtained the students’ GPA scores from a software-based university information system. The construct validity of the scales was tested via an Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients were analyzed to test the internal consistency, while the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the test-retest reliability. Finally, a structural equation analysis was used to test the research model. The findings have been discussed in line with literature relevant to the issue, with recommendations on their possible application given in the conclusion of the study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, T. D., & Kiburz, K. M. (2012). Trait mindfulness and work–family balance among working parents: The mediating effects of vitality and sleep quality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 372–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2001). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood: Perspectives from adolescence to midlife. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 133–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2005). The developmental context of substance use in emerging adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues, 35, 235–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for. Society for Research Child Development, 1(2), 68–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arslan, Ü., Asıcı, E. (2021) The mediating role of solution focused thinking in relation between mindfulness and psychological well-being in university students. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01251-9.

  • Baer, R, A., & Lykins, E, L, B. (2011). Mindfulness and positive psychological functioning. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 335–350). Oxford University Press.

  • Baker, S. R. (2004). Intrinsic, extrinsic, and a motivational orientation: Their role in university adjustment, stress, well-being, and subsequent academic performance. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, 23, 189–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., van Veldhoven, M., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2010). Beyond the demand-control model: Thriving on high job demands and resources. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2001). Response styles in marketing research: A cross-national investigation. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 143–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchemin, J., Hutchins, T. L., & Patterson, F. (2008). Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety, promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning disabilities. Complementary Health Practice Review, 13(1), 34–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, P, L., Scales, P, C., Hamilton, S, F., & Sesma, A. (2006). Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (6th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 894–941). Wiley.

  • Benson, P. L., & Scales, C. P. (2009). The definition and preliminary measurement of thriving in adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802399240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandtstädter, J. (2006). Adaptive resources in later life: Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I. S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions to positive psychology (p. 143–164). Oxford University Press.

  • Brannick, M. T., Chan, D., Conway, J. M., Lance, C. E., & Spector, P. E. (2010). What is method variance and how can we cope with it? A panel discussion. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 407–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R, W., Lonner, W, J., & Thorndike, R, M. (1973). Crosscultural research methods. Wiley.

  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. J., Arnold, R., Fletcher, D., & Standage, M. (2017). Human thriving. European Psychologist, 22(3), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busenitz, L. W., West III, G. P., Shepherd, D., Nelson, T., Chandler, G. N., & Zacharakis, A. (2003). Entrepreneurship research in emergence: Past trends and future directions. Journal of Management, 29(3), 285–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A. S. (2014). Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self employed. Small Business Economics, 42(4), 787–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canbaz, M., Çankır, B., & Çevik, E. (2013). Regional differences effect about determine the entrepreneurship characteristics of business and accounting programs student. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 1(3), 229–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capel, C. (2014). Mindfulness, indigenous knowledge, indigenous innovations and entrepreneurship. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 63–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmeli, A., & Spreitzer, G. (2009). Trust, connectivity, and thriving: Implications for innovative work behavior. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43(3), 169–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carrier, C. (1996). Intrapreneurship in small businesses: An exploratory study. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 21(1), 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of social issues, 54(2), 245–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charoensukmongkol, P. (2014). Benefits of mindfulness meditation on emotional intelligence, general self-efficacy, and perceived stress: Evidence from Thailand. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 16(3), 171–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charoensukmongkol, P. (2019). Contributions of mindfulness to improvisational behavior and consequences on business performance and stress of entrepreneurs during economic downturn. Organization Management Journal, 16(4), 209–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charoensukmongkol, P. (2020). The efficacy of cultural intelligence for adaptive selling behaviors in cross-cultural selling: The moderating effect of trait mindfulness. Journal of Global Marketing, 33(3), 141–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinchilla, A., & Garcia, M. (2017). Social entrepreneurship intention: Mindfulness towards a duality objective. Humanistic Management Journal, 1(2), 205–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damon, W., & Lerner, R, M. (Eds.). (2008). Child and adolescent development: An advanced course. John Wiley & Sons.

  • Dane, E. (2011). Paying attention to mindfulness and its effects on task performance in the workplace. Journal of Management, 37(4), 997–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., Rosenberg, M., & Moore, K. (2003). Well-being and the future: Using science-based knowledge to inform practice and policy. Bornstein, M, Davidson, L, Keyes, C, Moore, K and the Center for Child Wellbeing (eds), Well-being: Positive Development Across the Life Course, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dees, J, G. (1998). The meaning of “social entrepreneurship.” Comments and suggestions contributed from the Social Entrepreneurship Founders Working Group. Durham, NC: Center for the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, Fuqua School of Business, Duke University.

  • Devarajan, T, P., Ramachandran, K., & Ramnarayan, S. (2003). Entrepreneurial leadership and thriving innovation activity. In proceedings of 7th international conference on Global Business & Economic Development, Bangkok, forthcoming (pp. 8-11).

  • Dinçer, Ö., & Fidan, Y. (2000). İşletme Yönetimine Giriş, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.

  • Duckworth, A. L., & Seligman, M. E. (2006). Self-discipline gives girls the edge: Gender in self-discipline, grades, and achievement test scores. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 198–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eggers, F. (2010). Grow with the flow—Entrepreneurial marketing and thriving young firms. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 1(3), 227–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esteve, E, B. (2008). Well-being and performance in academic settings: The predicting role of self-efficacy. Doctoral Thesis. Universitat Jaume I.

  • Frese, M. (2009). Towards a psychology of entrepreneurship—An action theory perspective. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 5(6), 437–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frese, M., & Gielnik, M. M. (2014). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 413–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galante, J., Dufour, G., Vainre, M., Wagner, A., Stochl, J., Benton, A., Lathia, N., Howarth, E., & Jones, P. (2018). A mindfulness-based intervention to increase resilience to stress in university students (the mindful student study): A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Public Health, 3(2), 72–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gan, Y., Xie, X., Wang, T., Rodriguez, M. A., & Tang, C. S. (2013). Thriving in the shadow of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake: Two studies on resilience in adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(9), 1232–1241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gärtner, C. (2013). Enhancing readiness for change by enhancing mindfulness. Journal of Change Management, 13(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2013.768433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geldhof, G. J., Porter, T., Weiner, M. B., Malin, H., Bronk, K. C., Agans, J. P., Mueller, M., Damon, W., & Lerner, R. M. (2014a). Fostering youth entrepreneurship: Preliminary findings from the young entrepreneurs’ study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(3), 431–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geldhof, G. J., Weiner, M., Agans, J. P., Mueller, M. K., & Lerner, R. M. (2014b). Understanding entrepreneurial intent in late adolescence: The role of intentional self-regulation and innovation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(1), 81–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Germer, C. K. (2005). Teaching mindfulness in therapy. Mindfulness and psychotherapy, 1(2), 113–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gestsdóttir, S., Urban, J. B., Bowers, E. P., Lerner, J. V., & Lerner, R. M. (2011). Intentional self-regulation, ecological assets and thriving in adolescence: A developmental systems model. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(133), 61–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glomb, T, M., Duffy, M, K., Bono, J, E., & Yang, T. (2011). Mindfulness at work. In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 115–157). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

  • Gürol, Y., & Atsan, N. (2006). Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: Some insights for entrepreneurship education and training in Turkey. Education+ Training, 48(1), 25–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J, F., Anderson, R, E., Tatham, R, L., Black, W, C., Babin, B, J., & Anderson, R, E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis seventh edition. In Pearson Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712602761381358, 93, 465, 485

  • Hassan, R. A., & Bakri, M. Z. (2016). Self-efficacy and self-independence in promoting self-employment intention among university students. Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management, 6(2), 888–893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, B. (2003). Entrepreneurship education in Kenya: A reality or plodding on? The first international entrepreneurship conference, 23–24 April.

  • Jackson, D., McDonald, G., & Wilkes, L. (2011). Thriving in the workplace: Learning from innovative practices. In M. McAllister & J. B. Lowe (Eds.), The resilient nurse: Empowering your practice (pp. 105–114). Springer.

  • Jekielek, S., & Brown, B. (2005). The transition to adulthood: Characteristics of young adults ages 18–24 in America. Kids Count/PRB/Child T.

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go. There you are: mindfulness meditation in everyday life, 304.

  • Kelly, L., & Dorian, M. (2017). Doing well and good: An exploration of the role of mindfulness in the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and evaluation process. New England. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 25–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. (2018). Assessing quality and equity: Observations about the state of signature work. Peer Review, 20(2), 29–31 Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/assessing-quality-equity-observations-about-state/docview/2077518950/se-2?accountid=146364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, R. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, Guilford Press.

  • Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, N, F. (2003). The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research: An interdisciplinary survey and introduction (pp. 105–140). Kluwer.

  • Kuratko, D, F., & Hodgetts, R, M. (2004). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process and Practice. Thomson Learning.

  • Kwan, M., Cairney, J., Faulkner, G. E., & Pullenayegum, E. E. (2012). Physical activity and other health-risk behaviors during the transition into early adulthood: A longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 14–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. M., Chang, D., & Lim, S.-B. (2005). Impact of entrepreneurship education: A comparative study of the U.S. and Korea. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 27–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R, M. (2002). Adolescence: Development, diversity, context, and application. Prentice Hall/Pearson Education.

  • Lerner, R. M. (2006). Resilience as an attribute of the developmental system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., Dowling, E. M., & Anderson, P. M. (2003). Positive youth development: Thriving as a basis of personhood and civil society. Applied Developmental Science, 7, 172–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, B. B., Carter, N. M., Dooley, K. J., & Gartner, W. B. (2007). Complexity dynamics of nascent entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 236–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liguori, E. W., Bendickson, J. S., & McDowell, W. C. (2018). Revisiting entrepreneurial intentions: A social cognitive career theory approach. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(1), 67–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 23(3–4), 187–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, D., Mora, J. G., & Vila, L. E. (2007). Entrepreneurs, the self-employed and employees amongst young European higher education graduates. European Journal of Education, 42(1), 99–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J, B., & Stiver, I, P. (1997). The healing connection: How women form relationships in therapy and in life. Beacon Press.

  • Mrazek, M. D., Franklin, M. S., Phillips, D. T., Baird, B., & Schooler, J. W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science, 24(5), 776–781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niessen, C., Sonnentag, S., & Sach, F. (2012). Thriving at work-a diary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(4), 468–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nix, G. A., Ryan, R. M., Manly, J. B., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(3), 266–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O'Leary, V. E., & Ickovics, J. R. (1995). Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: An opportunity for a paradigm shift in women’s health. Women’s health (Hillsdale, NJ), 1(2), 121–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, S., & Deniz, M. (2011). Adaptation of the mindful attention awareness scale into Turkish. Education and Science, 36(160), 224–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, T. A., Luthans, F., & Jeung, W. (2014). Thriving at work: Impact of psychological capital and supervisor support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 434–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, L. A., Haynie, J. M., & Godesiabois, J. (2007). An essay on the origins of entrepreneurial opportunity. Small Business Economics, 28(4), 363–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Postigo, S., Iacobucci, D., & Tamborini, M, F. (2006). Undergraduate students as a source of potential entrepreneurs: A comparative study between Italy and Argentina. International entrepreneurship education: Issues and Newness, 218–240.

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahafar, A., Maghsudloo, M., Farhangnia, S., Vollmer, C., & Randler, C. (2016). The role of chronotype, gender, test anxiety, and conscientiousness in academic achievement of high school students. Chronobiology International, 33(1), 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, H., Yunlu, D. G., Shaffer, M., & Fodchuk, K. M. (2015). Expatriate success and thriving: The influence of job deprivation and emotional stability. Journal of World Business, 50(1), 69–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). An overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). University of Rochester Press.

  • Ryan, R. M., Weinstein, N., Bernstein, J., Brown, K. W., Mistretta, L., & Gagne, M. (2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şahin, S., Arıcı Özcan, N., & Arslan Babal, R. (2020). The mediating role of thriving: Mindfulness and contextual performance among Turkish nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Ordinary magic, extraordinary performance: Psychological resilience and thriving in high achievers. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 3(1), 46–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiner, L. (2010). The “thriving quotient”: A new vision for student success. About Campus, 15(2), 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiner, L. A. (2012). From surviving to thriving during transitions. In L. A. Schreiner, M. C. Louis, & D. D. Nelson (Eds.), Thriving in transitions: A research-based approach to college student success (pp. 1–18). University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.

  • Schreiner, L. A. (2014). Different pathways to thriving among students of color: An untapped opportunity for success. About Campus, 19(5), 10–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1978). Can capitalism survive? HarperCollins Publishers.

  • Seet, P., & Seet, L. (2006). Changing entrepreneurial perceptions and developing entrepreneurial competencies through experiential learning: Evidence from entrepreneurship education in Singapore’s tertiary education institutions. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 2(2), 162–191 Retrieved from http://www.asiaentrepreneurshipjournal.com/AJESII2Seet.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. WW Norton & Co..

  • Siegel, D, J., & Siegel, M, W. (2014). Opening the mind and cultivating inner well-being through contemplative and creative mindfulness. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of mindfulness, 19.

  • Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2005). Oxford dictionary of English (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

  • Spreitzer, G. M., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S., & Grant, A. M. (2005). A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science, 16(5), 537–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer, G., Porath, C. L., & Gibson, C. B. (2012). Toward human sustainability: How to enable more thriving at work. Organizational Dynamics, 41(2), 155–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk-taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 51–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sumsion, J. (2004). Early childhood teachers’ constructions of their resilience and thriving: A continuing investigation. International Journal of Early Years Education, 12(3), 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomasik, M. J., Napolitano, C. M., & Moser, U. (2019). Trajectories of academic performance across compulsory schooling and thriving in young adulthood. Child Development, 90(6), e745–e762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gelderen, M., Kibler, E., Kautonen, T., Munoz, P., & Wincent, J. (2018). Mindfulness and taking action to start a new business. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(S2), 489–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J. C., Butts, M. M., Johnson, P. D., Stevens, F. G., & Smith, M. B. (2016). A multilevel model of employee innovation: Understanding the effects of regulatory focus, thriving, and employee involvement climate. Journal of Management, 42(4), 982–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weine, S. M., Ware, N., Tugenberg, T., Hakizimana, L., Dahnweih, G., Currie, M., Wagner, M., & Levin, E. (2013). Thriving, managing, and struggling: A mixed methods study of adolescent African refugees’ psychosocial adjustment. Adolescent Psychiatry, 3(1), 72–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, N., Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2009). A multi-method examination of the effects of mindfulness on stress attribution, coping, and emotional well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(3), 374–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, J. P. (2005). Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 231–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yıldız, S. (2007), Girişimcilik, Yüksek Lisans Tez Projesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi.

  • Zhang, J., Ding, W., Li, Y., & Wu, C. (2013). Task complexity matters: The ınfluence of trait mindfulness on task and safety performance of nuclear power plant operators. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 433–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zubair, A., Kamal, A., & Artemeva, V. (2018). Mindfulness and resilience as predictors of subjective well-being among university students: A cross cultural perspective. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 28(2), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neslihan Arici Ozcan.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ozcan, N.A., Sahin, S. & Cankir, B. The validity and reliability of thriving scale in academic context: Mindfulness, GPA, and entrepreneurial intention among university students. Curr Psychol 42, 5200–5211 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01590-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01590-1

Keywords

Navigation