Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A Qualitative Assessment of the Sex Education Needs of Married Iranian Women

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Sexuality & Culture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Despite a comprehensive reproductive health program there is little sex education available in Iran. In this article we present results of a study conducted to identify content area for a proposed sex education program for married Iranian women. Twenty-one married female clients (23–45 years) and 18 reproductive health providers, recruited from urban health clinics in Tehran using non-probability sampling, participated in four focus group discussions. Sexual health information needs related to reproductive tract and sexually transmitted infections, “acceptability” of certain sexual practices such as oral and anal intercourse, and the sexual response cycles and physiology of men and women. Women’s sexual concerns related to communication, incompatibility of sexual interests and desire, and their ability to maintain a strong marriage. Two themes cut across women’s responses to all questions: modesty and maintaining a strong marriage. Results contributed to the design of a sex education program that addressed the specific information needs and concerns of Iranian women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmadi, N. (2003). Migration challenges views on sexuality. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 26(4), 684–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi, A. A. (2005). Tahlili tarbiyati bar ravaabete dokhtar va pesar dar Iran [An educational analysis of relationship between boys and girls in Iran]. Tehran, Iran: Anjoman olia va morabbian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi, B., Al-Mohammadian M., & Golestan B. (2005). Sexual violence among married Tehrani women 15 years old and over. Paper presented at the first national conference of sexual health in reproductive health. Tehran, Iran.

  • Amado, L. E. (2003). Sexual and bodily rights as human rights in the Middle East and North Africa: A Workshop Report. Istanbul, Turkey: Women for Women’s Human Rights (WWHR)—New Ways.

  • Andrews, C. S. (2004). Measuring modesty among Jewish American women. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, Baltimore.

  • Andrews, C. S. (2006). Modesty and healthcare for women: Understanding cultural sensitivities. Community Oncology, 3(7), 443–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, J. (1994) A pragmatic view of thematic analysis. Qualitative Report. 2(1), 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asadi-Lari, M., Sayyari, A. A., Akbari, M. E., & Graya, D. (2004). Public health improvement in Iran—lessons from the last 20 years. Public Health, Journal of the Royal Institute of Public Health, 118, 395–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtyari, A., Heydari, N., & Esmaielnejad, T. (2005). Prevalence of sexual disorders in clients of health centers in Babol—Iran. Paper presented in the first national conference of sexual health in reproductive health. Tehran, Iran.

  • CIA World Fact Book, Iran. (2008). http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html. Accessed 23 January 2008.

  • DeJong, J., Jawad, R., Mortagy, I., & Shepard, B. (2005). The sexuality and reproductive health of young people in the Arab countries and Iran. Reproductive Health Matters, 13(25), 49–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Canada. (2008). Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. http://www.salamiran.org/IranInfo/State/Constitution/. Accessed 8 February 2008.

  • Epstein, R. M., & i Carrio, F. B. (2001). Pudor, honor, and autoridad: The evolving patient-physician relationship in Spain. Patient Education and Counseling, 45(1), 51–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Facione, N. C., Giancarlo, C., & Chan, L. (2000). Perceived risk and help-seeking behavior for breast cancer: A Chinese-American perspective. Cancer Nursing, 23(4), 258–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, H. (2000). Focusing on sex: Using focus groups in sex research. Sexuality, 3(3), 275–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galanti, G. (2003). The Hispanic family and male–female relationships: An overview. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 14(3), 180–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanbarzade, N., Najafi-Semnani, M., & Khazaie, Z. (2003). Epidemiology of sexual disorder in married women aged between 17 to 50. Paper presented at the first national congress on family and sexual disorders, Tehran, Iran.

  • Greene, M. E., Rasekh, Z., Amen, K, Chaya, N., & Dye, J. (2002). In this generation, Sexual and reproductive health policies for a youthful world. Population Action International Web site: http://www.populationaction.org/resources/publications/InThisGeneration/InThisGeneration.pdf. Accessed 18 November 2005.

  • Hoeman, S. P., Ku, V. L., & Ohl, D. R. (1996). Health beliefs and early detection among Chinese women. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 18(5), 518–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education. (2000). Population and health in the Islamic Republic of Iran, DHS. http://www.mohme.gov.ir/HNDC/Indicators/DHS_Eng/MAIN.SWF. Accessed April 2007.

  • Keddie, N. R. (1991) ‘Introduction: Deciphering Middle Eastern women’s history’. In N. R. Keddie, & B. Baron (Eds.), Women in Middle-Eastern history: Shifting Boundaries In Sex And Gender (pp. 1–22). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadivar-zadeh, T., Esmaieli, H., & Sargolzaie, M. (2003). The effect of sex education program on the sexual satisfaction of Azad University of Azad-Shahr. Paper presented at the first national congress on family and sexual disorders, Tehran, Iran.

  • Khosroshahi, G. H., Mohammad, E. A., & Javanmard, M. (2003). Prevalence rate of sexual disorder in postgraduate women in Iran. Paper presented at the first national congress on family and sexual disorders, Tehran, Iran.

  • Kurman, J. (2001). Self-enhancement: Is it restricted to individualistic cultures? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(12), 1705–1716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, P., & Rozmus, C. (2001). Culturally sensitive care of the Muslim patient. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 12(3), 228–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maticka-Tyndale, E., Shirpak, K. R., & Chinichian, M. (2007). Providing for the sexual health needs of Canadian immigrants: The experience of immigrants from Iran. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(3), 183–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mernissi, F. (2000). Virginity and patriarchy. In P. Ilkkaracan (Ed.), Women and sexuality in Muslim societies (pp. 203–214). Istanbul, Turkey: Women for Women’s Human Rights—New Ways.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mo, B. (1992). Cross-cultural medicine: A decade later. Modesty, sexuality, and breast health in Chinese-American women. The Western Journal of Medicine, 157(3), 260–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohaghegh-damad, S. M. (2005). Baressi hoghoghi hoghogh-e khanevade (nekah va enhelale an) [a jurisprudence approach to family laws (wedding and divorce)]. Tehran: Markaze nashre oloom-e eslami.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadi, M. R., Mohammad, K., Farahani, F.K.A., Alikhani, S., Zare, M., Tehrani, F. R., Ramezankhani, A., & Alaeddini, F. (2006). Reproductive knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescent males in Tehran, Iran. International Family Planning Perspectives, 32(1), 35–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. L., & Scannell, A. U. (1998) The focus group kit. Volume 2: Planning focus groups. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, J. (2002). BBC News Website. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1949068.stm. Accessed 24 April 2002.

  • Nashat, G., & Tucker, E. (1999). Women in the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring women to history. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajaram, S. S., & Rashidi, A. (1999). Asian-Islamic women and breast cancer screening: A socio-cultural analysis. Women and Health, 28(3), 45–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramezan-nargesi, R. (2005). Baztab-e chand hamsari dar jame-e [Reflection of polygamy in society]. Ketab-e Zanan, 7(27), 145–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rashidi, A., & Rajaram, S. S. (2000). Middle Eastern Asian Islamic women and breast self-examination. Needs assessment. Cancer Nursing, 23(1), 64–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray-Mazumder, S. (2001). Role of gender, insurance status and culture in attitudes and health behavior in a US Chinese student population. Ethnicity and Health, 6(4), 197–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2002). Iran’s family planning program: Responding to a nation needs. Population Reference Bureau web site. http://www.prb.org/pdf/IransFamPlanProg_Eng.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2005.

  • Safaie, H., & Emami, A. (2003). Moghadameie bar hoghoghe khanevade [An introduction to family rights]. Tehran: Nashr-e-Mizban publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaditalab, J. (2001). Zanan-e Iran-Motalebat va entezarat [Iranian women—claims and expectations]. Nameye Oloom-e Ejtemaie, 18, 31–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadpour, K. (1994). The PHC experience in Iran. The Council for Expansion of PHC Networks, Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Tehran, UNICEF), 21–30.

  • Shahidian, H. (1999). Gender and sexuality among immigrant Iranians in Canada. Sexualities, 2, 189–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharepour, M. (2005). Gender role stereotypes among Iranian adolescents. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(4), 491–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shargh Daily Newspaper (2005) Sexual problem is the cause of 50% of divorce in the country (in Farsi). November 26. No. 635, pp. 14.

  • Sharifiaghdas, A., & Khezri, F. (2003). Epidemiological study of sexual disorders of married women in Iran. Paper presented at the First National Congress on Family and Sexual Disorders, Tehran, Iran.

  • Shirpak, K. R. & Chinichian, M. (2001). KAP Study on Sexual Health in Getting Married Couples. Poster session presented at the 10th international congress of epidemiology. Jhansi, India.

  • Shirpak, K. R., Chinichian, M., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2005) Providing Sexual Health Services to Immigrants from Muslim Countries. Guelph Sexuality Conference. June 13–15. Guelph, Ontario.

  • Shirpak, K. R., Chinichian, M., & Maticka-Tyndale, E. (2007a). Iranian Immigrants’ perceptions of sexuality in Canada: A symbolic interactionist approach. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 16(3–4), 113–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirpak, K. R., Eftekhar Ardebili, H., Mohammad, K., Maticka-Tyndale, E., Chinichian, M., Ramenzankhani, A., & Fotouhi, A. (2007b). Developing and testing a sex education program for the female clients of the health centers in Iran. Sex Education, 7(4), 333–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shokrollahi, P., Mirmohamadi, M., & Mehrabi, F. (1999). Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Women Seeking Services at Family Planning Centers in Tehran. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 25, 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syed, J.,& Ali, F. (2005). A historical perspective of the Islamic concept of modesty and its implications for Pakistani women at work. http://www.historians.ie/women/syed.PDF. Accessed 8 February 2008.

  • Syed, J., Ali, F., & Winstanley, D. (2005). In pursuit of modesty: contextual emotional labour and the dilemma for working women in Islamic societies. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion, 1(2), 150–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taajik-ismayeli, A. (1999). Taadol va estehkame khanevade [Balance and stability of the family]. In The proffessors of the project of family education (Ed.), Javan va tashkile khanevade [Youth and marriage] (pp. 39–61). Tehran: Anjoman olia va morabbian.

  • Tang, T., Solomon, L. J., & McCracken, L. M. (2000). Cultural barriers to mammography, clinical breast exam and breast self-exam among Chinese-American women 60 and older. Preventive Medicine: an International Devoted to Practice & Theory, 31(5), 575–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1984) Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meanings. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twinn, S., & Cheng, F. (2000). Increasing uptake rates of cervical cancer screening amongst Hong Kong Chinese women: The role of the nurse practitioner. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 335–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNFPA (1994). Program of Action of the International Conference of Population and Development, Chapter7, Paragraphs 7.2, and 7.3 and 7.48. http://www.unfpa.org/icpd/icpd_poa.htm#ch7c. Accessed 20 January 2006.

  • UNFPA in news (2004, July 31-August 6). IRAN: Family Planning Success. http://www.unfpa.org/news/coverage/2004/july31-6-2004.htm. Accessed 17 January 2006.

  • WHO (2004). Progress in reproductive and sexual research. No. 64. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • WHO, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. (2005). Country profile. http://www.emro.who.int/emrinfo/index.asp?Ctry=ira. Accessed 23 January 2008.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research, Tehran, Iran, under the contract #240/7659, dated 13/03/2004.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Khosro Refaie Shirpak.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shirpak, K.R., Chinichian, M., Maticka-Tyndale, E. et al. A Qualitative Assessment of the Sex Education Needs of Married Iranian Women. Sexuality & Culture 12, 133–150 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-008-9023-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-008-9023-0

Keywords

Navigation