Abstract
Gamma ray bursts (GRBs) are the brightest explosions known to occur in the Universe. For the last several decades, they have been extensively observed and studied using both space as well as ground based observatories. In this review, the observational breakthroughs made till date, the techniques of observation and analyses of obtained data, temporal and spectral properties of the observed prompt emission of GRBs including polarisation, as well as the various theoretical models adopted to explain them are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The duration over which the burst emission constitutes from \( 5 \%\) to \(95 \%\) of its total measured counts.
The last equality is valid when the outflow is highly optically thick thereby attaining local thermal equilibrium.
References
Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., et al. 2017a, ApJ, 848, L13.
Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adams, T., Addesso, P., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., et al. 2017b, Phys. Rev. Lett., 119(16), 161101.
Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Asano, K., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., et al. 2009a, ApJ, 706, L138–L144.
Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Arimoto, M., Asano, K., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Band, D. L., Barbiellini, G., et al. 2009b, Science, 323, 1688.
Abramowicz, M. A., Novikov, I. D., Paczynski, B. 1991, ApJ, 369, 175–178.
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Asano, K., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bastieri, D., et al. 2014, Science, 343, 42–47.
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Asano, K., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., et al. 2011, ApJ, 729, 114.
Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Asano, K., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., Bechtol, K., Bellazzini, R., et al. 2013, ApJS, 209, 11.
Ahlgren, B., Larsson, J., Nymark, T., Ryde, F., Pe’er, A. 2015, MNRAS, 454, L31–L35.
Amati, L. 2006, MNRAS, 372, 233–245.
Amati, L., Frontera, F., Guidorzi, C. 2009, A&A, 508, 173–180.
Amati, L., Frontera, F., Tavani, M., in’t Zand, J. J. M., Antonelli, A., Costa, E., Feroci, M., Guidorzi, C., Heise, J., Masetti, N., et al. 2002, A&A, 390, 81–89.
Arnaud, K., Dorman, B., Gordon, C. 1999, Astrophysics Source Code Library.
Asano, K., Inoue, S., Mészáros, P. 2009, ApJ, 699, 953–957.
Asano, K., Terasawa, T. 2009, ApJ, 705, 1714–1720.
Atwood, W. B., Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Althouse, W., Anderson, B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Band, D. L., Barbiellini, G., et al. 2009, ApJ, 697, 1071–1102.
Avni, Y. 1976, ApJ, 210, 642–646.
Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bellazzini, R., Bregeon, J., Brigida, M., Bruel, P., Buehler, R., Caliandro, G. A., et al. 2012, ApJ, 757, L31.
Axelsson, M., Borgonovo, L. 2015, MNRAS, 447, 3150–3154.
Band, D., Matteson, J., Ford, L., Schaefer, B., Palmer, D., Teegarden, B., Cline, T., Briggs, M., Paciesas, W., Pendleton, G., et al. 1993, ApJ, 413, 281–292.
Barthelmy, S. D., Barbier, L. M., Cummings, J. R., Fenimore, E. E., Gehrels, N., Hullinger, D., Krimm, H. A., Markwardt, C. B., Palmer, D. M., Parsons, A., et al. 2005, Space Sci. Rev., 120, 143–164.
Bégué, D., Iyyani, S. 2014, ApJ, 792, 42.
Beloborodov, A. M. 2010, MNRAS, 407, 1033–1047.
Beloborodov, A. M. 2011, ApJ, 737, 68.
Beniamini, P., Barniol Duran, R., Giannios, D. 2018, MNRAS, 476, 1785–1795.
Beniamini, P., Giannios, D. 2017, MNRAS, 468, 3202–3211.
Beniamini, P., Piran, T. 2013, ApJ, 769, 69.
Beniamini, P., Piran, T. 2014, MNRAS, 445, 3892–3907.
Bhalerao, V., Bhattacharya, D., Vibhute, A., Pawar, P., Rao, A. R., Hingar, M. K., Khanna, R., Kutty, A. P. K., Malkar, J. P., Patil, M. H., et al. 2017, J. Astrophys. Astron., 38, 31.
Blandford, R. D., Payne, D. G. 1982, MNRAS, 199, 883–903.
Blandford, R. D., Znajek, R. L. 1977, MNRAS, 179, 433–456.
Böttcher, M., Dermer, C. D. 1998, ApJ, 499, L131–L134.
Bošnjak, Ž., Daigne, F., Dubus, G. 2009, A&A, 498, 677–677
Bošnjak, Ž., Götz, D., Bouchet, L., Schanne, S., Cordier, B. 2014, A&A, 561, A25.
Burgess, J. M., Bégué, D., Bacelj, A., Giannios, D., Berlato, F., Greiner, J. 2018, ArXiv e-prints.
Burgess, J. M., Preece, R. D., Connaughton, V., Briggs, M. S., Goldstein, A., Bhat, P. N., Greiner, J., Gruber, D., Kienlin, A., Kouveliotou, C., et al. 2014, ApJ, 784, 17.
Burgess, J. M., Ryde, F., Yu, H.-F. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 1511–1521.
Burrows, D. N., Hill, J. E., Nousek, J. A., Kennea, J. A., Wells, A., Osborne, J. P., Abbey, A. F., Beardmore, A., Mukerjee, K., Short, A. D. T., et al. 2005, Space Sci. Rev., 120, 165–195.
Castignani, G., Guetta, D., Pian, E., Amati, L., Puccetti, S., Dichiara, S. 2014, A&A, 565, A60.
Castro-Tirado, A. J., de Ugarte Postigo, A., Gorosabel, J., Fathkullin, T., Sokolov, V., Bremer, M., Márquez, I., Marín, A. J., Guziy, S., Jelínek, M., et al. 2005, A&A, 439, L15–L18.
Castro-Tirado, A. J., Zapatero-Osorio, M. R., Caon, N., Cairos, L. M., Hjorth, J., Pedersen, H., Andersen, M. I., Gorosabel, J., Bartolini, C., Guarnieri, A., et al. 1999, Science, 283, 2069.
Cavallo, G., Rees, M. J. 1978, MNRAS, 183, 359–365.
Cenko, S. B., Frail, D. A., Harrison, F. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Nakar, E., Chandra, P. C., Butler, N. R., Fox, D. B., Gal-Yam, A., Kasliwal, M. M., et al. 2010, ApJ, 711, 641–654.
Chand, V., Chattopadhyay, T., Iyyani, S., Basak, R., Aarthy, E., Rao, A. R., Vadawale, S. V., Bhattacharya, D., Bhalerao, V. B. 2018, ApJ, 862, 154.
Chary, R., Surace, J., Carey, S., Berger, E., Fazio, G. 2009, GRB Coordinates Network, 9582.
Chattopadhyay, T., Vadawale, S. V., Aarthy, E., Mithun, N. P. S., Chand, V., Basak, R., Rao, A. R., Mate, S., Sharma, V., Bhalerao, V., Bhattacharya, D. 2017, ArXiv e-prints.
Chattopadhyay, T., Vadawale, S. V., Rao, A. R., Sreekumar, S., Bhattacharya, D. 2014, Exp. Astron., 37, 555–577.
Chauvin, M., Roques, J. P., Clark, D. J., Jourdain, E. 2013, ApJ, 769, 137.
Cherry, M. L. 2014, In APS April Meeting Abstracts, E9.007.
Chiang, J., Dermer, C. D. 1999, ApJ, 512, 699–710.
Coburn, W., Boggs, S. E. 2003, Nature, 423, 415–417.
Costa, E., Frontera, F., Heise, J., Feroci, M., in’t Zand, J., Fiore, F., Cinti, M. N., Dal Fiume, D., Nicastro, L., Orlandini, M., et al. 1997, Nature, 387, 783–785.
Coward, D. M. 2009, MNRAS, 393, L65–L69.
Cucchiara, A., Levan, A. J., Fox, D. B., Tanvir, N. R., Ukwatta, T. N., Berger, E., Krühler, T., Küpcü Yoldaş, A., Wu, X. F., Toma, K., et al. 2011, ApJ, 736, 7.
Daigne, F., Bošnjak, Ž., Dubus, G. 2011, A&A, 526, A110.
Daigne, F., Mochkovitch, R. 1998, MNRAS, 296, 275–286.
Dermer, C. D., Böttcher, M., Chiang, J. 2000, ApJ, 537, 255–260.
Dermer, C. D., Mitman, K. E. 1999, ApJ, 513, L5–L8.
Drenkhahn, G. 2002, A&A, 387, 714–724.
Fishman, G. J. 2013, In Castro-Tirado, A. J., Gorosabel, J., and Park, I. H., editors, EAS Publications Series, volume 61 of EAS Publications Series, pages 5–14.
Fishman, G. J., Meegan, C. A., Wilson, R. B., Brock, M. N., Horack, J. M., Kouveliotou, C., Howard, S., Paciesas, W. S., Briggs, M. S., Pendleton, G. N., et al. 1994, ApJS, 92, 229–283.
Forot, M., Laurent, P., Lebrun, F., Limousin, O. 2007, ApJ, 668, 1259–1265.
Galama, T., Groot, P. J., Vanparadijs, J., Kouveliotou, C., Robinson, C. R., Fishman, G. J., Meegan, C. A., Sahu, K. C., Livio, M., Petro, L., et al. 1997, Nature, 387, 479.
Gao, H., Zhang, B. 2015, ApJ, 801, 103.
Gehrels, N., Swift 2004, In American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts, volume 36 of Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, page #116.01.
Ghirlanda, G., Pescalli, A., Ghisellini, G. 2013, MNRAS, 432, 3237–3244.
Ghisellini, G., Celotti, A. 1999, ApJ, 511, L93–L96.
Golenetskii, S. V., Aptekar, R. L., Frederiks, D. D., Il’Inskii, V. N., Mazets, E. P., Panov, V. N., Sokolova, Z. J., Terekhov, M. M. 1998, In Meegan, C. A., Preece, R. D., and Koshut, T. M., editors, Gamma-Ray Bursts, 4th Hunstville Symposium, volume 428 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series, pages 284–288.
Golenetskii, S. V., Mazets, E. P., Aptekar, R. L., Ilinskii, V. N. 1983, Nature, 306, 451–453.
González, M. M., Carrillo-Barragán, M., Dingus, B. L., Kaneko, Y., Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S. 2009, ApJ, 696, 2155–2169.
Goodman, J. 1986, ApJ, 308, L47–L50.
Götz, D., Covino, S., Fernández-Soto, A., Laurent, P., Bošnjak, Ž. 2013, MNRAS, 431, 3550–3556.
Götz, D., Laurent, P., Antier, S., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., D’Elia, V., Melandri, A. 2014, MNRAS, 444, 2776–2782.
Götz, D., Laurent, P., Lebrun, F., Daigne, F., Bošnjak, Ž. 2009, ApJ, 695, L208–L212.
Granot, J. 2003, ApJ, 596, L17–L21.
Granot, J., Piran, T., Sari, R. 2000, ApJ, 534, L163–L166.
Gruber, D., Goldstein, A., Weller von Ahlefeld, V., Narayana Bhat, P., Bissaldi, E., Briggs, M. S., Byrne, D., Cleveland, W. H., Connaughton, V., Diehl, R., et al. 2014, ApJS, 211, 12.
Guetta, D., Spada, M., Waxman, E. 2001, ApJ, 557, 399–407.
Guiriec, S., Connaughton, V., Briggs, M. S., Burgess, M., Ryde, F., Daigne, F., Mészáros, P., Goldstein, A., McEnery, J., Omodei, N., et al. 2011, ApJ, 727, L33.
Guiriec, S., Daigne, F., Hascoët, R., Vianello, G., Ryde, F., Mochkovitch, R., Kouveliotou, C., Xiong, S., Bhat, P. N., Foley, S., et al. 2013, ApJ, 770, 32.
Hascoët, R., Daigne, F., Mochkovitch, R., Vennin, V. 2012, MNRAS, 421, 525–545.
HEASARC 2012, The Burst And Transient Source Experiment. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/batse/. [Online; accessed 28 September 2018].
Heger, A., Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., Langer, N., Hartmann, D. H. 2003, ApJ, 591, 288–300.
Icecube Collaboration, Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Abu-Zayyad, T., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Altmann, D., Andeen, K., et al. 2012, Nature, 484, 351–354.
Ioka, K., Toma, K., Yamazaki, R., Nakamura, T. 2006, A&A, 458, 7–12.
Iyyani, S., Ryde, F., Ahlgren, B., Burgess, J. M., Larsson, J., Pe’er, A., Lundman, C., Axelsson, M., McGlynn, S. 2015, MNRAS, 450, 1651–1663.
Iyyani, S., Ryde, F., Axelsson, M., Burgess, J. M., Guiriec, S., Larsson, J., Lundman, C., Moretti, E., McGlynn, S., Nymark, T., Rosquist, K. 2013, MNRAS, 433, 2739–2748.
Iyyani, S., Ryde, F., Burgess, J. M., Pe’er, A., Bégué, D. 2016, MNRAS, 456, 2157–2171.
Kalemci, E., Boggs, S., Wunderer, C., Jean, P. 2004, In Schoenfelder, V., Lichti, G., and Winkler, C., editors, 5th INTEGRAL Workshop on the INTEGRAL Universe, volume 552 of ESA Special Publication, page 859.
Kaneko, Y., Preece, R. D., Briggs, M. S., Paciesas, W. S., Meegan, C. A., Band, D. L. 2006, ApJS, 166, 298–340.
Kargatis, V. E., Liang, E. P., Hurley, K. C., Barat, C., Eveno, E., Niel, M. 1994, ApJ, 422, 260–268.
Katz, J. I. 1997, ApJ, 490, 633–641.
Kawabata, K. S., Deng, J., Wang, L., Mazzali, P., Nomoto, K., Maeda, K., Tominaga, N., Umeda, H., Iye, M., Kosugi, G., et al. 2003, ApJ, 593, L19–L22.
Keivani, A., Murase, K., Petropoulou, M., Fox, D. B., Cenko, S. B., Chaty, S., Coleiro, A., DeLaunay, J. J., Dimitrakoudis, S., Evans, P. A., et al. 2018, ApJ, 864, 84.
Klebesadel, R. W., Strong, I. B., Olson, R. A. 1973, ApJ, 182, L85.
Kobayashi, S., Piran, T., Sari, R. 1997, ApJ, 490, 92.
Kobayashi, S., Zhang, B. 2003, ApJ, 597, 455–458.
Kole, M. 2018, ArXiv e-prints.
Komissarov, S. S. 2001, MNRAS, 326, L41–L44.
Kouveliotou, C., Meegan, C. A., Fishman, G. J., Bhat, N. P., Briggs, M. S., Koshut, T. M., Paciesas, W. S., Pendleton, G. N. 1993, ApJ, 413, L101–L104.
Kumar, P. 1999, ApJ, 523, L113–L116.
Kumar, P., McMahon, E. 2008, MNRAS, 384, 33–63.
Kumar, P., Zhang, B. 2015, Phys. Rep., 561, 1–109.
Langer, N., van Marle, A. J., Poelarends, A. J. T., Yoon, S.-C. 2008, In de Koter, A., Smith, L. J., and Waters, L. B. F. M., editors, Mass Loss from Stars and the Evolution of Stellar Clusters, volume 388 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, page 37.
Larsson, J., Racusin, J. L., Burgess, J. M. 2015, ApJ, 800, L34.
Larsson, J., Ryde, F., Lundman, C., McGlynn, S., Larsson, S., Ohno, M., Yamaoka, K. 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2642–2649.
Le, T., Dermer, C. D. 2007, ApJ, 661, 394–415.
Le, T., Mehta, V. 2017, ApJ, 837, 17.
Lei, F., Dean, A. J., Hills, G. L. 1997, Space Sci. Rev., 82, 309–388.
Lei, F., Hills, G. L., Dean, A. J., Swinyard, B. M. 1996, A&AS, 120, 695–698.
Liang, E.-W., Yi, S.-X., Zhang, J., Lü, H.-J., Zhang, B.-B., Zhang, B. 2010, ApJ, 725, 2209–2224.
Lithwick, Y., Sari, R. 2001, ApJ, 555, 540–545.
Lloyd, N. M., Petrosian, V. 2000, ApJ, 543, 722–732.
Lloyd-Ronning, N. M., Zhang, B. 2004, ApJ, 613, 477–483.
Lundman, C., Pe’er, A., Ryde, F. 2013, MNRAS, 428, 2430–2442.
Lundman, C., Pe’er, A., Ryde, F. 2014, MNRAS, 440, 3292–3308.
Lundman, C., Vurm, I., Beloborodov, A. M. 2018, ApJ, 856, 145.
MacFadyen, A. I., Woosley, S. E., Heger, A. 2001, ApJ, 550, 410–425.
Mazzali, P. A., Deng, J., Tominaga, N., Maeda, K., Nomoto, K., Matheson, T., Kawabata, K. S., Stanek, K. Z., Garnavich, P. M. 2003, ApJ, 599, L95–L98.
McConnell, M., Forrest, D., Vestrand, W. T., Finger, M. 1996, In Kouveliotou, C., Briggs, M. F., and Fishman, G. J., editors, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, volume 384 of American Institute of Physics Conference Series, pages 851–855.
McConnell, M. L., Ryan, J. M., Smith, D. M., Lin, R. P., Emslie, A. G. 2002, Sol. Phys., 210, 125–142.
McGlynn, S., Clark, D. J., Dean, A. J., Hanlon, L., McBreen, S., Willis, D. R., McBreen, B., Bird, A. J., Foley, S. 2007, A&A, 466, 895–904.
McGlynn, S., Foley, S., McBreen, B., Hanlon, L., McBreen, S., Clark, D. J., Dean, A. J., Martin-Carrillo, A., O’Connor, R. 2009, A&A, 499, 465–472.
Medvedev, M. V., Loeb, A. 1999, ApJ, 526, 697–706.
Meegan, C., Lichti, G., Bhat, P. N., Bissaldi, E., Briggs, M. S., Connaughton, V., Diehl, R., Fishman, G., Greiner, J., Hoover, A. S., et al. 2009, ApJ, 702, 791–804.
Mészáros, P. 2006, Reports on Progress in Physics, 69, 2259–2321.
Meszaros, P., Rees, M. J. 1993, ApJ, 405, 278–284.
Mészáros, P., Rees, M. J. 1997, ApJ, 482, L29–L32.
Mizuta, A., Nagataki, S., Aoi, J. 2011, ApJ, 732, 26.
Mochkovitch, R., Maitia, V., Marques, R. 1995, Ap&SS, 231, 441–444.
Molinari, E., Vergani, S. D., Malesani, D., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Chincarini, G., Zerbi, F. M., Antonelli, L. A., Conconi, P., Testa, V., et al. 2007, A&A, 469, L13–L16.
Morsony, B. J., Lazzati, D., Begelman, M. C. 2007, ApJ, 665, 569–598.
Muleri, F. 2014, ApJ, 782, 28.
Murase, K., Asano, K., Terasawa, T., Mészáros, P. 2012, ApJ, 746, 164.
Nakar, E., Ando, S., Sari, R. 2009, ApJ, 703, 675–691.
NSSTC 2018, Gamma-ray Astrophysics. https://gammaray.nsstc.nasa.gov/batse/instrument/. [Online; accessed 28 September 2018].
Paciesas, W. S., Pendleton, G. N., Lestrade, J. P., Fishman, G. J., Meegan, C. A., Wilson, R. B., Parnell, T. A., Austin, R. A., Berry, Jr., F. A., Horack, J. M., Storey, S. D. 1989, In Hailey, C. J. and Siegmund, O. H. W., editors, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy and Atomic Physics, volume 1159 of Proc. SPIE, pages 156–164.
Panaitescu, A., Mészáros, P. 1998, ApJ, 492, 683–695.
Panaitescu, A., Mészáros, P. 2000, ApJ, 544, L17–L21.
Panaitescu, A., Spada, M., Mészáros, P. 1999, ApJ, 522, L105–L108.
Papathanassiou, H., Meszaros, P. 1996, ApJ, 471, L91.
Pe’er, A. 2008, ApJ, 682, 463–473.
Pe’er, A. 2015, Adv. Astron., 2015, 907321.
Pe’er, A., Ryde, F., Wijers, R. A. M. J., Mészáros, P., Rees, M. J. 2007, ApJ, 664, L1–L4.
Pe’er, A., Waxman, E. 2004, ApJ, 613, 448–459.
Pe’er, A., Waxman, E. 2005, ApJ, 628, 857–866.
Pe’er, A., Zhang, B. 2006, ApJ, 653, 454–461.
Pe’Er, A., Zhang, B.-B., Ryde, F., McGlynn, S., Zhang, B., Preece, R. D., Kouveliotou, C. 2012, MNRAS, 420, 468–482.
Pian, E., Fruchter, A. S., Bergeron, L. E., Thorsett, S. E., Frontera, F., Tavani, M., Costa, E., Feroci, M., Halpern, J., Lucas, R. A., et al. 1998, ApJ, 492, L103–L106.
Pilla, R. P., Loeb, A. 1998, ApJ, 494, L167–L171.
Piran, T. 1999, Phys. Rep., 314, 575–667.
Piran, T., Sari, R., Zou, Y.-C. 2009, MNRAS, 393, 1107–1113.
Preece, R., Burgess, J. M., von Kienlin, A., Bhat, P. N., Briggs, M. S., Byrne, D., Chaplin, V., Cleveland, W., Collazzi, A. C., Connaughton, V., et al. 2014, Science, 343, 51–54.
Racusin, J. L., Liang, E. W., Burrows, D. N., Falcone, A., Sakamoto, T., Zhang, B. B., Zhang, B., Evans, P., Osborne, J. 2009, ApJ, 698, 43–74.
Rao, A. R., Bhattacharya, D., Bhalerao, V. B., Vadawale, S. V., Sreekumar, S. 2017, ArXiv e-prints.
Rees, M. J., Meszaros, P. 1992, MNRAS, 258, 41P–43P.
Rees, M. J., Meszaros, P. 1994, ApJ, 430, L93–L96.
Rees, M. J., Mészáros, P. 2005, ApJ, 628, 847–852.
Roming, P. W. A., Kennedy, T. E., Mason, K. O., Nousek, J. A., Ahr, L., Bingham, R. E., Broos, P. S., Carter, M. J., Hancock, B. K., Huckle, H. E., et al. 2005, Space Sci. Rev., 120, 95–142.
Rowlinson, A., O’Brien, P. T., Metzger, B. D., Tanvir, N. R., Levan, A. J. 2013, MNRAS, 430, 1061–1087.
Rutledge, R. E., Fox, D. B. 2004, MNRAS, 350, 1288–1300.
Rybicki, G. B., Lightman, A. P. 1986, Radiative Processes in Astrophysics. pp. 400. ISBN 0-471-82759-2. Wiley-VCH.
Ryde, F. 1999, Astrophys. Lett. Commun., 39, 281.
Ryde, F. 2004, ApJ, 614, 827–846.
Ryde, F., Axelsson, M., Zhang, B. B., McGlynn, S., Pe’er, A., Lundman, C., Larsson, S., Battelino, M., Zhang, B., Bissaldi, E., et al. 2010, ApJ, 709, L172–L177.
Ryde, F., Lundman, C., Acuner, Z. 2017, MNRAS, 472, 1897–1906.
Ryde, F., Pe’er, A. 2009, ApJ, 702, 1211–1229.
Ryde, F., Pe’er, A., Nymark, T., Axelsson, M., Moretti, E., Lundman, C., Battelino, M., Bissaldi, E., Chiang, J., Jackson, M. S., et al. 2011, MNRAS, 415, 3693–3705.
Samuelsson, F., Bégué, D., Ryde, F., Pe’er, A. 2018, ArXiv e-prints.
Sari, R., Piran, T. 1997, ApJ, 485, 270–273.
Sari, R., Piran, T. 1999, ApJ, 520, 641–649.
Sari, R., Piran, T., Narayan, R. 1998, ApJ, 497, L17–L20.
Schönfelder, V., Bennett, K., Bloemen, H., de Boer, H., Busetta, M., Collmar, W., Connors, A., Diehl, R., den Herder, J. W., Hermsen, W., et al. 1993, Adv. Space. Res., 13, 647–655.
Singh, K. P., Tandon, S. N., Agrawal, P. C., Antia, H. M., Manchanda, R. K., Yadav, J. S., Seetha, S., Ramadevi, M. C., Rao, A. R., Bhattacharya, D., et al. 2014, In Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, volume 9144 of Proc. SPIE, page 91441S.
Stanek, K. Z., Matheson, T., Garnavich, P. M., Martini, P., Berlind, P., Caldwell, N., Challis, P., Brown, W. R., Schild, R., Krisciunas, K., et al. 2003, ApJ, 591, L17–L20.
Stern, B. E., Poutanen, J. 2004, MNRAS, 352, L35–L39.
Stratta, G., Dainotti, M. G., Dall’Osso, S., Hernandez, X., De Cesare, G. 2018, ArXiv e-prints.
Tavani, M. 1996, ApJ, 466, 768.
Toma, K., Sakamoto, T., Zhang, B., Hill, J. E., McConnell, M. L., Bloser, P. F., Yamazaki, R., Ioka, K., Nakamura, T. 2009, ApJ, 698, 1042–1053.
Totani, T. 1998, ApJ, 509, L81–L84.
Uhm, Z. L., Zhang, B. 2014, Nat. Phys., 10, 351–356.
Usov, V. V. 1994, MNRAS, 267, 1035.
Vadawale, S. V., Chattopadhyay, T., Mithun, N. P. S., Rao, A. R., Bhattacharya, D., Vibhute, A., Bhalerao, V. B., Dewangan, G. C., Misra, R., Paul, B., et al. 2018, Nat. Astron., 2, 50–55.
Vadawale, S. V., Chattopadhyay, T., Rao, A. R., Bhattacharya, D., Bhalerao, V. B., Vagshette, N., Pawar, P., Sreekumar, S. 2015, A&A, 578, A73.
Vianello, G., Gill, R., Granot, J., Omodei, N., Cohen-Tanugi, J., Longo, F. 2018, ApJ, 864, 163.
Vianello, G., Lauer, R. J., Younk, P., Tibaldo, L., Burgess, J. M., Ayala, H., Harding, P., Hui, M., Omodei, N., Zhou, H. 2015, ArXiv e-prints.
Wang, K., Liu, R.-Y., Dai, Z.-G., Asano, K. 2018, ApJ, 857, 24.
Waxman, E. 1995, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 386–389.
Waxman, E. 2003, Nature, 423, 388–389.
Waxman, E., Bahcall, J. 1997, Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, 2292–2295.
Wigger, C., Hajdas, W., Arzner, K., Güdel, M., Zehnder, A. 2004, ApJ, 613, 1088–1100.
Willis, D. R., Barlow, E. J., Bird, A. J., Clark, D. J., Dean, A. J., McConnell, M. L., Moran, L., Shaw, S. E., Sguera, V. 2005, A&A, 439, 245–253.
Yamaoka, K., Yoshida, A., Sakamoto, T., Takahashi, I., Hara, T., Yamamoto, T., Kawakubo, Y., ota Inoue, R., Terazawa, S., Fujioka, R., et al. 2013, ArXiv e-prints.
Yonetoku, D., Murakami, T., Gunji, S., Mihara, T., Toma, K., Morihara, Y., Takahashi, T., Wakashima, Y., Yonemochi, H., Sakashita, T., et al. 2012, ApJ, 758, L1.
Yonetoku, D., Murakami, T., Gunji, S., Mihara, T., Toma, K., Sakashita, T., Morihara, Y., Takahashi, T., Toukairin, N., Fujimoto, H., et al. 2011, ApJ, 743, L30.
Zhang, B., Fan, Y. Z., Dyks, J., Kobayashi, S., Mészáros, P., Burrows, D. N., Nousek, J. A., Gehrels, N. 2006, ApJ, 642, 354–370.
Zhang, B., Kobayashi, S., Mészáros, P. 2003a, ApJ, 595, 950–954.
Zhang, B., Liang, E., Page, K. L., Grupe, D., Zhang, B.-B., Barthelmy, S. D., Burrows, D. N., Campana, S., Chincarini, G., Gehrels, N., et al. 2007, ApJ, 655, 989–1001.
Zhang, B., Yan, H. 2011, ApJ, 726, 90.
Zhang, B.-B., Uhm, Z. L., Connaughton, V., Briggs, M. S., Zhang, B. 2016, ApJ, 816, 72.
Zhang, B. T., Murase, K., Kimura, S. S., Horiuchi, S., Mészáros, P. 2018, Phys. Rev. D, 97(8), 083010.
Zhang, W., Woosley, S. E., MacFadyen, A. I. 2003b, ApJ, 586, 356–371.
Zhao, X.-H., Li, Z., Bai, J.-M. 2011, ApJ, 726, 89.
Zou, Y.-C., Fan, Y.-Z., Piran, T. 2011, ApJ, 726, L2.
Zou, Y.-C., Piran, T. 2010, MNRAS, 402, 1854–1862.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Prof. Felix Ryde and Dr Santosh Roy for their useful comments and suggestions on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Iyyani, S. Observations and physics of prompt emission of gamma ray bursts. J Astrophys Astron 39, 75 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-018-9567-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12036-018-9567-9