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Landscape of Clinically Relevant Exosomal tRNA-Derived Non-coding RNAs

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Abstract

Exosomes are extra-cellular vesicles that are < 150 nm that is formed by invagination of the plasma membrane and are released as vesicles. These contain proteins, RNA, and DNA as their cargo. In recent times, the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) present within exosomes has been studied extensively in the context of sorting, localization, and their potential as biomarkers. For example, miR-1246, miR-1290, miR-21, and miR-23a are exosomal biomarkers of cancer, and YBX1 (Y-Box Binding Protein 1) is attributed to exosomal RNA sorting. Transfer RNA-derived fragments are a class of small ncRNAs that were discovered in 2009. They are classified as tRFs (tRNA-derived fragments) and tsRNAs (tRNA halves). Interestingly, these tRNA-derived ncRNAs are emerging as biomarkers in various diseases, and these are found in exosomes. To date, the literature has covered only the biomarker potential of plasma/serum tRNA-derived ncRNAs. Hence, in the current review, we discuss the exosomal tRNA-derived fragments that are clinically relevant in pathological conditions.

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Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Abbreviations

ncRNA:

Non-coding RNA

tRFs:

tRNA-derived fragments

tsRNAs:

tRNA halves

YBX1:

Y box-binding protein 1

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

SE:

Seminal exosomes

SONFH:

Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head

AD:

Atopic dermatitis

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Acknowledgements

TV acknowledges Central University of Kerala for support. PSS thank Faculty seed research grant of the National Institute of Technology, Calicut and Department of Biotechnology (BT/PR16307/MED/30/1729/2016) Govt of India for the support. ST thank Ministry of Education, Govt of India and the National Institute of Technology, Calicut for the fellowship. We apologize to many scientists whose research studies were not included in this review due to page/word limit.

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  1. School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India

    Padmanaban S. Suresh & Sanu Thankachan

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, 671316, Periye, Kasaragod, India

    Thejaswini Venkatesh

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  1. Padmanaban S. Suresh
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  2. Sanu Thankachan
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TV conceptualized and drafted the manuscript. ST contributed to figure preparation and editing of the manuscript. PSS drafted, edited, and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Thejaswini Venkatesh.

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Suresh, P.S., Thankachan, S. & Venkatesh, T. Landscape of Clinically Relevant Exosomal tRNA-Derived Non-coding RNAs. Mol Biotechnol 65, 300–310 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-022-00546-5

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