Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation (PAP) has shown activity in inhibiting the metastasis of cancer and can improve the immune function of cancer patients during chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate whether PAP can improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A total of 72 subjects with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC were randomized into PAP arm (n = 36) or control arm (n = 36) at a 1:1 ratio. Subjects had vinorelbine and cisplatin combined with 0.5 ml PAP/placebo on d1, followed by 1 ml PAP/placebo injected subcutaneously three times a week. The primary end point was the objective response rate (ORR) and secondary endpoints were time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), safety and quality of life (QOL). Sixty-six patients were included in intent-to-treat analysis. After two cycles of treatment, there was a borderline statistically significant improvement in ORR of PAP arm (46.88 vs. 23.53 %, P = 0.0532), and after four cycles of treatment, the ORR in PAP arm was 31.25 versus 14.71 % in control arm (P = 0.1110). Median TTP and OS were 160 and 454 days in PAP arm, 196 and 388 days in control arm, P = 0.4609 and 0.6587, respectively. The 1-year survival rate in PAP and control arms was 53.55 and 50.15 %, respectively. PAP did not result in increased toxicity and or had negative impact on QOL. The results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of PAP for advanced NSCLC. PAP can be used with chemotherapy to improve the response rate. Long-term follow-up might help define whether the combination therapy can result in survival benefit.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gridelli C, Rossi A, Maione P, Ferrara ML, Castaldo V, Sacco PC. Vaccines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a renewed anticancer strategy. Oncologist. 2009;14(9):909–20.
Pirker R, Pereira JR, Szczesna A, von Pawel J, Krzakowski M, Ramlau R, Vynnychenko I, Park K, Yu CT, Ganul V, Roh JK, Bajetta E, O’Byrne K, de Marinis F, Eberhardt W, Goddemeier T, Emig M, Gatzemeier U, FLEX Study Team. Cetuximab plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (FLEX): an open-label randomised phase III trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9674):1525–31.
Butts C, Murray N, Maksymiuk A, Goss G, Marshall E, Soulières D, Cormier Y, Ellis P, Price A, Sawhney R, Davis M, Mansi J, Smith C, Vergidis D, Ellis P, MacNeil M, Palmer M. Randomized phase IIB trial of BLP25 liposome vaccine in stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6674–81.
Vansteenkiste J, Zielinski M, Linder A, Dahabre J, Esteban E, Malinowski W, Jassem J, Passlick B, Lehmann F, Brichard VG. Final results of a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase II study to assess the efficacy of MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic as adjuvant therapy in stage IB/II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):7554.
Kodama K, Higashiyama M, Takami K, Oda K, Okami J, Maeda J, Akazawa T, Matsumoto M, Seya T, Wada M, Toyoshima K. Innate immune therapy with a bacillus Calmette–Guerin cell wall skeleton after radical surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: a case–control study. Surg Today. 2009;39(3):194–200.
Manegold C, Gravenor D, Woytowitz D, Mezger J, Hirsh V, Albert G, Al-Adhami M, Readett D, Krieg AM, Leichman CG. Randomized phase II trial of a toll-like receptor 9 agonist oligodeoxynucleotide, PF-3512676, in combination with first-line taxane plus platinum chemotherapy for advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(24):3979–86.
Mossman KL, Mian MF, Lauzon NM, Gyles CL, Lichty B, Mackenzie R, Gill N, Ashkar AA. Cutting edge: FimH adhesin of type 1 fimbriae is a novel TLR4 ligand. J Immunol. 2008;181(10):6702–6.
Liu ZB, Hou YF, Dong M, Di GH, Wu J, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. PA-MSHA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis through the up-regulation and activation of caspases in the human breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Biochem. 2009;108(1):195–206.
Cao Z, Shi L, Li Y, Wang J, Wang D, Wang G, Sun B, Mu L, Yang M, Li H. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mannose sensitive hemagglutinin inhibits the growth of human hepatocarcinoma cells via mannose-mediated apoptosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(10):2118–27.
Liu ZB, Hou YF, Zhu J, Hu DL, Jin W, Ou ZL, Di GH, Wu J, Shen ZZ, Shao ZM. Inhibition of EGFR pathway signaling and the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by PA-MSHA mediated by type 1 fimbriae via a mannose-dependent manner. Oncogene. 2010;29(20):2996–3009.
Chen WD, Tang ZH, Xu F. Application of PA-MSHA vaccine adjuvant therapy and TAC scheme for treatment of breast carcinoma. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2009;29(6):1204–7.
Li Z, Hao D, Zhang H, Ren L, Yang Y, Li L, Chai J, Zhou X, Fu L. A clinical study on PA-MSHA vaccine used for adjuvant therapy of lymphoma and lung cancer. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2000;31(3):334–7.
Chan CW, Housseau F. The ‘kiss of death’ by dendritic cells to cancer cells. Cell Death Differ. 2008;15(1):58–69.
Willimsky G, Blankenstein T. Sporadic immunogenic tumours avoid destruction by inducing T-cell tolerance. Nature. 2005;437(7055):141–6.
Atreya I, Neurath MF. Immune cells in colorectal cancer: prognostic relevance and therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8(4):561–72.
Akira S. Pathogen recognition by innate immunity and its signaling. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2009;85(4):143–56.
Hobohm U, Stanford JL, Grange JM. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern in cancer immunotherapy. Crit Rev Immunol. 2008;28(2):95–107.
Coley WB. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas. With a report of ten original cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991;262:3–11.
Talug C, Brown ET, Zaslau S, Kandzari SJ. Use of bacillus Calmette–Guerin in superficial bladder cancer: a review. W V Med J. 2009;105(3):17–9.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical standard
The study has been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All persons gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Details that might disclose the identity of the subjects under study have been omitted.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chang, J., Liu, Y., Han, B. et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa preparation plus chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind phase III study. Med Oncol 32, 139 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-015-0583-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-015-0583-1