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Neuronal Plasticity: Neuronal Organization is Associated with Neurological Disorders

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Abstract

Stimuli from stressful events, attention in the classroom, and many other experiences affect the functionality of the brain by changing the structure or reorganizing the connections between neurons and their communication. Modification of the synaptic transmission is a vital mechanism for generating neural activity via internal or external stimuli. Neuronal plasticity is an important driving force in neuroscience research, as it is the basic process underlying learning and memory and is involved in many other functions including brain development and homeostasis, sensorial training, and recovery from brain injury. Indeed, neuronal plasticity has been explored in numerous studies, but it is still not clear how neuronal plasticity affects the physiology and morphology of the brain. Thus, unraveling the molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity is essential for understanding the operation of brain functions. In this timeline review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying different forms of synaptic plasticity and their association with neurodegenerative/neurological disorders as a consequence of alterations in neuronal plasticity.

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Abbreviations

PTP:

Post-tetanic potentiation

DSC:

Voltage-dependent sodium channel

VDCC:

Voltage-dependent calcium channel

LTP:

Long term potentiation

LTD:

Long-term depression

mGLUR:

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

PKC:

Protein kinase C

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  1. Divakar Sharma

    Present address: CRF, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences (KSBS), Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi (IIT-D), Delhi, 110016, India

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  1. Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR) Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India

    Yogesh Kumar Dhuriya

  2. Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India

    Divakar Sharma

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YKD and DS designed the study, wrote the manuscript, and finalized it. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Dhuriya, Y.K., Sharma, D. Neuronal Plasticity: Neuronal Organization is Associated with Neurological Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 70, 1684–1701 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-020-01555-2

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