Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Exercise-induced Bronchospasm In Children

  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review will encompass definition, history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of exercise –induced bronchospasm in the pediatric individual with and without known asthma. Exercise induced asthma is the conventional term for transient airway narrowing in a known asthma in association with strenuous exercise usually lasting 5-10 minutes with a decline in pulmonary function by at least 10%. Exercise induced asthma will be referred to as exercise induced bronchospasm in an asthmatic. Exercise–induced bronchospasm (EIB ) is the same phenomenon in an individual without known asthma. EIB can be seen in healthy individuals including children as well as defense recruits and competitive or elite athletes. The diagnosis with objective exercise challenge methods in conjunction with history is delineated. Management is characterized with pharmacotherapy and non pharmacotherapeutic measures for underlying asthma as well as exercise induced bronchospasm and inhalant allergy. Children can successfully participate in all sports if asthma is properly managed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Jones RS, Buston WH, Wharton MJ (1962) The effect of exercise on ventilatory function in the child with asthma. Br J Dis Chest 56:78–86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. McFadden ER Jr. (1999) Exercise-induced asthma. Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY

    Google Scholar 

  3. Karlajalainen EM, Laitinen A, Sue Chu M et al (2000) Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:2086–2091

    Google Scholar 

  4. Verges S, Flore P, Blanchi MP et al (2004) A 10 year follow-up study of pulmonary function in symptomatic elite cross-country skiers-athletes and bronchial dysfunction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 14:381–387

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Helenius I, Lumme A, Haahtela T (2005) Asthma, airway inflammation and treatment in elite athletes. Sports Med 35:565–574

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Anderson SD (2006) How does exercise cause asthma attacks? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 6:37–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson S (2005) Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 5:116–122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Parsons JP, Mastronarde JG (2005) Exercised-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. Chest 128:3966–3974

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Porsberg C, von Linstrow ML et al (2005) Outcome in adulthood of asymptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine and exercise-induced bronchospasm in childhood. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 95:137–142

    Google Scholar 

  10. Anderson S (2002) Exercise-induced asthma in children: a marker of airway inflammation. Med J Aust 177:S61–S63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Haby MM, Anderson SD, Peat JK (1994) An exercise challenge protocol for epidemiological studies of asthma in children: comparison with histamine challenge. Eur Respir J 7:43–49

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rundell KW, Jenkinson DM (2002) Exercise-induced bronchospasm in the elite athlete. Sports Med 32:583–600

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gotshall RW (2002) Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Drugs 62:1725–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Holzer K, Brukner P (2004) Screening of athletes for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Clin J Sports Med 14:134–138

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hallestrand TS, Moody MW, Aitken ML et al (2005) Airway immunopathology of asthma with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 116:586–593

    Google Scholar 

  16. Becker JM, Rogers J, Rossini G et al (2004) Asthma deaths during sports: report of a 7 year experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113(113):264–267

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Adams F (1856) The extant works of Aretaeus the Cappadocian. Sydenham Society, London, p 316

    Google Scholar 

  18. Floyer JA (1698) A treatise of the asthma. R Wilkins, London

    Google Scholar 

  19. Olympic MD (1972) Win some lose some. Med World News 13:27–35

    Google Scholar 

  20. Weiler JM, Metzger WJ, Donnelly AL et al (1986) Prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in highly trained athletes. Chest 90:23–28

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wilber RL, Rundell KW, Szmedra L et al (2000) Incidence of exercise-induced bronchspasm in Olympic winter sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:732–737

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Voy RO (1986) The US Olympic Committee experience with exercise-induced bronchospasm. Med Sci Sports Exerc 18:328–330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Weiler JM, Layton T, Hunt M (1998) Asthma in the United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games. J Allergy Clin Immunol 102:722–726

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Weiler JM, Ryan EJ 3rd (2000) Asthma in the United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1998 Olympic Winter Games. J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:267–271

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hammerman SI, Becker JM, Rogers J et al (2002) Asthma screening of high school athletes: identifying the undiagnosed and poorly controlled. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immun 88:380–384

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rupp NT (1996) Diagnosis and management of exercise-induced asthma. Phys Sportsmed 24:77–87

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kawabori I, Pierson WE, Conquest LL et al (1976) Incidence of exercise-induced asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 58:447–455

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Seear M, Wensley D, West N (2005) How accurate is the diagnosis of exercise-induced asthma among Vancouver schoolchildren? Arch Dis Child 90:898–902

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rupp NT, Guill MF, Brudho DS (1992) Unrecognized exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescent athletes. Am J Dis Child 146:941–944

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Vichyanond P, Anuraklekha P, Ruengruk S (2002) Exercise-induced asthma among Thai asthmatic children. J Med Assos Thail 85:S579–S585

    Google Scholar 

  31. Labbe A (2000) Asthma in children. Allergy Immunol 32:389–392

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mashalane M et al (2006) Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Thokoza schoolchildren. S Afr Med J 96:67–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Randolph C, Dreyfus D, Fraser F (2005) Utilization of medication and allergy specialty attention by recreational roadrunners. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115:S153, Abstract #609

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rundell RW, Im J, Mayers LB et al (2001) Self-reported symptoms and exercise-induced asthma in the elite athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:208–213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Thole RT, Sallis RE, Rubin AI et al (2001) Exercise-induced bronchospasm prevalence in collegiate cross-country runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1641–1646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Storms WW (2005) Asthma associated with exercise. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 25:31–43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Anderson SD, Sue -Chu M, Perry CP et al (2006) Bronchial challenges in athletes applying to inhale a beta-2 agonist at the 2004 Summer Olympics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117(4):767–773

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nystad W, Harria J, Borgen JS (2000) Asthma and wheezing among Norwegian elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:266–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Vignola AM et al (2003) Increased airway inflammatory cells in endurance athletes: what do they mean? Clin Exp Allergy 33:14–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Helenius IJ, Lumme A, Qunap J et al (2004) No effect of montelukast on asthma-like symptoms in elite ice hockey players. Allergy 59:39–44 (p 2)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sue Chu M, Karjalainen EM, Laitinen A et al (2000) Placebo-controlled study of inhaled budesonide on indices of airway inflammation in bronchoalaveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsies in cross-country skiers. Respiration 67:417–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hilberg T et al (2005) Transcription in response to physical–stress-clues to the molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced asthma. FASEB J 19:1492–1494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ki HB et al (2006) The leukotriene C4synthase (A-444C)promoter polymorphism is associated with the severity of exercise-induced asthma in Korean children. J Allergy Clin Imm 117:1191–1192

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rupp NT, Brudno DS, Guill MF (1993) The value of screening for risk of exercise –induced asthma in high school athletes. Ann Allergy 70:339–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Weiler JM (1996) Exercise-induced asthma: a practical guide to definitions, diagnosis, prevalence and treatment. Allergy Asthma Proc 17:315–325

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Weins L, Sabath R, Ewing L, Gowdamarajan R, Portnoy J, Scagliotti D (1992) Chest pain in otherwise healthy children and adolescents is frequently caused by exercise-induced asthma. Pediatrics 90:350–353

    Google Scholar 

  47. Abu-Hassan M, Weinberger M (2005) Exercise-induced dyspnea in children and adolescents: if not asthma then what? Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 99:366–371

    Google Scholar 

  48. Godfrey S et al (1977) In: Dempsey J (ed.) Muscular exercise and the lung. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, pp 247–288

    Google Scholar 

  49. Brudhno DS, Wagner JM, Rupp NT (1994) Length of postexercise assessment in the determination of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ann Allergy 73:227–231

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bronsky EA, Yegen U, Yeh CM et al (2002) Formoterol provides long-lasting protection against exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 89:407–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Eliasson AH, Phillips YY, Rajagopal KR et al (1992) Sensitivity and specificity of bronchial provocation testing. An evaluation of four techniques in exercise-induced bronchospasm. Chest 102:347–355 (p17)

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rabe KF, Adachi M, Lai CK et al (2004) Worldwide severity and control of asthma in children and adults: The global asthma insights and reality surveys. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:40–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Arygos GJ, Roach JM, Hurowitz KM et al (1996) Eucapneic voluntary hyperventilation as a bronchoprovocation technique: development of a standardized dosing schedule in asthmatics.Chest 109:1520–1524

    Google Scholar 

  54. Mannix ET, Roberts MA, Dukes HJ et al (2004) Airway hyperresponsiveness in high school athletes. J Asthma 41:567–574

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Holzer K, Anderson SD, Chan HK, Douglass J (2003) Mannitol as a challenge test to identify exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in the athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167:534–537

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Randolph C (2005) Making the diagnosis of asthma in the athlete. Clin Rev Allergy 29:112–123

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rundell KW, Anderson SD, Spierling BA et al (2004) Field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes. Chest 125:909–915

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL et al (2000) Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:309–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Buckvald F, Hermansen MN, Nelson KG, Bisgaard H. (2005) Exhaled nitric oxide predicts exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Chest 128(4):1964–1969

    Google Scholar 

  60. Song DJ et al (2006) Applicability of interrupter resistance measurements for evaluation of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 41:228–233

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rundell KW, Wilber RL, Szmedra L et al (2000) Exercise induced asthma screening of elite athletes: field versus laboratory exercise challenge. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:309–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Bonini S, Brusasco V, Carlsen KH et al (2004) Diagnosis of asthma and permitted use of beta2-agonists in athletes. Allergy 59:33–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Joos GF, O’Connor B, Anderson SD et al (2003) Indirect airway challenges. Eur Respir J 21:1050–1068

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Beaudouin E, Renaudin JM, Morisset M, Codreanu F, Kanny G, Moneret-Vautrin DA (2006) Food dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: update and current data. Allergie et Immunologie 38(2):45–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Powell DM, Karanfilov BI, Beechler KB, Treole K, Trudeau MD, Forrest LA (2000) Paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction in juveniles. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 126:29–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Bjornsdottir US, Gudmundsson K, Hjartarson H, Brondbo K, Magnusson B, Juliusson S (2000) Exercise induced laryngochalasia: an imitator of exercise induced bronchospasm. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 85:387–391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Chemery L, Le Clech G, Delaval P, Carre F, Gogibu J, Dassonville J (2002) Execise-induced laryngomalacia. Rev Mal Respir 19(5pt1):641–643

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Rundell KW, Spiering BA (2003) Inspiratory stridor in the elite athlete. Chest 123:468–474

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Landwehr LP, Wood RP 2nd, Blager FB, Milgrom H (1996) Vocal cord dysfunction mimicking exercise –induced bronchospasm in adolescents. Pediatrics 98:971–974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Bittleman DB, Smith RJ, Weiler JM (1994) Abnormal movement of the arytenoid region during exercise presenting as exercise-induced asthma in an adolescent athlete. Chest 106:615–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fahey JT, Bryant NJ, Karas D, Goldberg B, Destefano R, Gracco LC (2005) Exercise-induced stridor due to abnormal movement of the arytenoid area: videoendoscopic diagnosis and characterization of the at risk group. Pediatr Pulmonol 39(1):51–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mandell DL, Arjmand EM (2003) Laryngomalacia induced by exercise in a pediatric patient. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 67:999–1003

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Morris MJ, Deal LE, Bean DR, Grbach VX, Morgan JA (1999) Vocal cord dysfunction in patients with exertional dyspnea. Chest 116:1676–1682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Patel NJ, Jorgensen C, Kuhn J, Merati AL (2004) Concurrent laryngeal abnormalities in patients with paradoxical vocal cord dysfunction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:686–689 (P21)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ford CN (2005) Evaluation and management of laryngopha-ryngeal reflux. JAMA 294:1534–1540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hammo AH, Weinberger MM (1999) Exercise-induced hyperventilation: a pseudoasthma syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 82:574–578

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jack S, Rossiter HB, Pearson MG, Ward SA, Warburton CJ, Whipp BJ (2004) Ventilatory responses to inhaled carbon dioxide, hypoxia, and exercise in idiopathic hyperventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170:118–125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Palosuo K, Varjonen E, Nurkkala J et al (2003) Transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of a peptic fraction of omega-5 gliadin enhances IgE reactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111:1386–1392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Storms WW (2003) Review of exercise-induced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1464–1470

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Pearlman D et al (2006) Effects of formoterol fumarate treatment on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 97:382–388

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Hultquist C (2000) Low dose budesonide improves exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 11:120–125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Global Initiative for Asthma (2003) Global Stragedy for Asthma Management and Prevention. NIH publication 02-3659, Bethesda Maryland: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

  83. Miller MG, Weiler JM, Baker R, Collins J, D’Alonzo G (2005) National Athletic Trainer’s Association position statement: management of asthma in athletes. J Athl Train 40:224–245

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hallestrand TS, Curtis JR, Koepsell TD et al (2002) Effectiveness of screening examinations to detect unrecognized exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Pediatr 141:343–348

    Google Scholar 

  85. Anderson S (2004) Single dose agents in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma: a descriptive review. Treat Respir Med 3:365–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Expert Panel Report (2003) National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. National Institutes of Health, NHLBI, NIH Publication #02-5074

  87. Bierman CW, Spiro SG, Petheram I (1984) Characterization of the late response in exercise-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Imunol 74:701–706

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Vilsik J, Ankerst J, Palmqvist M et al (2001) Protection against cold air and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction while on regular treatment with Oxis. Respir Med 95:484–490

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ferrari M, Balestrieri F, Baratieri S, Biasin C, Oldani V, Lo Cascio V (2000) Evidence of the rapid protective effect of formeterol dry powder inhalation against exercise-induced bronchospasm in athletes with asthma. Respiration 67:510–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ferrari M, Segattini C, Zanon R et al (2002) Comparison of the protective effect of formoterol and of salmeterol against exercise-induced bronchospasm when given immediately before a cycloergometric test. Respiration 69:509–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hancox RJ, Subbarao P, Kamada D, Watson RM, Hargreave FE, Inman MD (2002) Beta-2 agonist tolerance and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:1068–1070

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Yates DH, Worsdell M, Barnes PJ (2002) Regular salmetrol treatment on albuterol bronchoprotection in mild asthma. Am J RespCrit Care Med 165(8):1068–1070

    Google Scholar 

  93. Ramage L, Lipworth BJ, Ingram CG, Cree IA, Dhillon DP (1994) Reduced protection against exercise induced bronchoconstriction after chronic dosing with salmeterol.. Respir Med 88:36–38

    Google Scholar 

  94. Israel E, Chinchilli VM, Ford JG et al (2004) Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotype stratified,randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364:1505–1512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Thio BJ, Slingerland GL, Nagelkerke AF et al (2001) Effects of single-dose fluticasone on exercise-induced asthma in asthmatic children: a pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol 32:115–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Peterson R et al (2004) Treatment of exercise-induced asthma with beclomethasone propionate in children with asthma. Eur Resp J 24:932–937

    Google Scholar 

  97. Subbarro P, Duong M, Adelroth E et al (2006) Effect of ciclesonide dose and duration of therapy on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:1008–1013

    Google Scholar 

  98. Leff JA, Busse WW, Pearlman D, Bronsky EA, Kemp J, Hendeles L et al (1998) Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. N Engl J Med 339:147–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tan RA, Spector SL (2002) Exercise-induced asthma: diagnosis and management. Ann Allergy Immunol 89:226–235

    Google Scholar 

  100. Peroni DG et al (2002) Time efficacy of a single dose of montelukast on exercise-induced asthma in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 13:433–437

    Google Scholar 

  101. Pearlman DS, van Adelsberg J, Philip G et al (2006) Onset and duration of protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by a single oral dose of montelukast. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 97:98–104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rundell KW, Spierling BA, Baumann JM et al (2005) Effects of airway narrowing from eucapneic voluntary hyperventilation and cold air exercise. Br J Sports Med 39:232–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Vidal C, Fernandez-Ovide E, Pineiro J, Numez R, Gonzalez-Quintela A (2001) Comparison of montelukast versus budesonide in treatment of exercise –induced bronchoconstriction. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 86:655–658

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Spahn J, Szefler SJ (2002) Childhood asthma: new insights into management. J Allergy Clin Imm 109:3–13

    Google Scholar 

  105. Capristo C et al (2006) Update on the use of montelukast in pediatric asthma. Allergy Asthma Proc 27:312–318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Sveum RJ (2005) Childhood asthma: balancing efficacy and adherence for optimum management. Postgrad Med 118:43–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Meltzer SS, JD, H, Cohn J, Bleecker ER (1996) Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm by zileuton: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153(3):931–935

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Albazzaz MK, Neade MG, Patel KR (1992) Dose duration of nebulized nedocromil in exercise-induced asthma. Eur Resp J 5:967–969

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. deBenedictis FM, Tuteri G, Pazzelli P et al (1995) Cromolyn versus nedocromil: duration of action in exercise-induced asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96:510–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kelly K, Spooner CH, Rowe BH (2000) Nedocromil sodium vs sodium cromoglycate for preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. Cochrane Data Base Syst Rev, Issue 4

  111. Weiler JM, Rupp NT, Kalberg CJ et al (2005) Effect of fluticasone/salmeterol administered via a single device on exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients with persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma & Immunol 94:65–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Weiler JM, Malloy C (2005) Asthma and athletes: therapy to compete. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 29:139–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M (2006) Life threatening asthma during treatment with salmeterol. N Engl J Med 355:852–853

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. McKenzie DC, McLuckie SL, Stirling DR (1994) The protective effects of continuous and interval exercise in athletes with exercise-induced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:951–956

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Schnall RP, Landau LI (1980) The protective effects of continuous and interval exercise in athletes with exercise-induced asthma. Thorax 35:828–832

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rundell KW, Spierling BA, Judelson DA et al (2003) Bronchoconstriction during cross country skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:18–26

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Witek TJ Jr, Schacter EN, Dean NL (1983) A review of the hospital course of asthmatic children and adults. Ann Allergy 12–16

  118. Shturman-Ellstein R, Zeballos RJ, Buckley JM, Souhrada JF (1978) The beneficial effect of nasal breathing on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:65–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Helenius IJ, Rytila P, Metso T et al (1988) Respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness and cellular characteristics of induced sputum in elite swimmers. Allergy 53:346–352

    Google Scholar 

  120. Mannix ET, Roberts M, Fagin DP et al (2003) The prevalence of airways hyperresponsiveness in members of an exercise training facility. J Asthma 40:349–355

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Holzer K, Anderson SD, Douglass JJ (2002) Exercise in elite summer athletes: challenges for diagnosis. Allergy Clin Immunol 110:374–380

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Allergy, Asthma, Immunology, 1389 West Main Street, Suite 205, Waterbury, CT, 06708, USA

    Chris Randolph

Authors
  1. Chris Randolph
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chris Randolph.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Randolph, C. Exercise-induced Bronchospasm In Children. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 34, 205–216 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-007-8035-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-007-8035-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation