Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Asthma in Athletes

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Allergy and Asthma

  • 227 Accesses

Abstract

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a very common disorder that may have considerable impact on the lives of those who suffer from its symptoms. Often, we contrast the significance of EIB on recreational versus competitive (or elite) athletes. Any athlete with EIB, from recreational to elite, Olympic, or competitive athletes, may have a comparable decrease in quality of life as a direct consequence of impaired overall exercise performance. EIB is an indicator of active and treatable airway pathophysiology consistent with asthma, identifying the presence of airway inflammation and sensitive airway smooth muscle. It also identifies airways that are treatable by pharmacotherapies that are successful in the treatment of asthma. It is important to identify objectively EIB in the athlete using standardized bronchial provocation tests as symptoms are not a useful diagnostic predictor of the presence or severity of EIB. It is important to treat EIB in a similar manner as treating asthma. Optimal treatment should not just decrease daily symptoms of asthma, but significantly attenuate or even abolish EIB. To achieve this, the health-care provider must understand the prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, and underlying mechanisms of EIB.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aitken ML, Marini JJ. Effect of heat delivery and extraction on airway conductance in normal and in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:357–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD. Asthma provoked by exercise, hyperventilation, and the inhalation of non-isotonic aerosols. In: Barnes PJ, Rodger IW, Thomson NC, editors. Asthma: basic mechanisms and clinical management. 2nd ed. London: Academic; 1992. p. 473–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD. Indirect challenge tests: airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance. Chest. 2010;138(2 Suppl):25S–30S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD. ‘Indirect’ challenges from science to clinical practice. Eur Clin Respir J. 2016;3:31096.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Brannan JD. Exercise induced asthma: is there still a case for histamine? (editorial). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(5 Pt 1):771–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Brannan JD. Methods for ‘indirect’ challenge tests including exercise, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea and hypertonic aerosols. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2003;24:63–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Daviskas E. The airway microvasculature and exercise-induced asthma. Thorax. 1992;47: 748–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Daviskas E. The mechanism of exercise-induced asthma is …. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(3):453–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Holzer K. Exercise-induced asthma: is it the right diagnosis in elite athletes? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(3):419–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005;5:116–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Airway injury as a mechanism for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:225–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Assessment of EIB: what you need to know to optimize test results. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2013;33(3):363–80, viii

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Schoeffel RE. Respiratory heat and water loss during exercise in patients with asthma: effect of repeated exercise challenge. Eur J Respir Dis. 1982;63:472–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Seale JP, Rozea P, Bandler L, Theobald G, Lindsay DA. Inhaled and oral salbutamol in exercise-induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976;114: 493–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Seale JP, Ferris L, Schoeffel RE, Lindsay DA. An evaluation of pharmacotherapy for exercise-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1979;64: 612–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Bye PTP, Schoeffel RE, Seale JP, Taylor KM, Ferris L. Arterial plasma histamine levels at rest, during and after exercise in patients with asthma: effects of terbutaline aerosol. Thorax. 1981;36:259–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Rodwell LT, Du Toit J, Young IH. Duration of protection by inhaled salmeterol in exercise-induced asthma. Chest. 1991;100:1254–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Brannan J, Spring J, Spalding N, Rodwell LT, Chan K, et al. A new method for bronchial-provocation testing in asthmatic subjects using a dry powder of mannitol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156:758–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Lambert S, Brannan JD, Wood RJ, Koskela H, Morton AR, et al. Laboratory protocol for exercise asthma to evaluate salbutamol given by two devices. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6):893–900.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Fitch K, Perry CP, Sue-Chu M, Crapo R, McKenzie D, et al. Responses to bronchial challenge submitted for approval to use inhaled beta2 agonists prior to an event at the 2002 Winter Olympics. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;111(1):44–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Caillaud C, Brannan JD. b2-agonists and exercise-induced asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006;31(2–3):163–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Charlton B, Weiler JM, Nichols S, Spector SL, Pearlman DS. Comparison of mannitol and methacholine to predict exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and a clinical diagnosis of asthma. Respir Res. 2009;10:4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Pearlman DS, Rundell KW, Perry CP, Boushey H, Sorkness CA, et al. Reproducibility of the airway response to an exercise protocol standardized for intensity, duration, and inspired air conditions, in subjects with symptoms suggestive of asthma. Respir Res. 2010;11:120.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson SD, Daviskas E, Brannan JD, Chan HK. Repurposing excipients as active inhalation agents: the mannitol story. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2018;133:45–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Argyros GJ, Phillips YY, Rayburn DB, Rosenthal RR, Jaeger JJ. Water loss without heat flux in exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147:1419–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Argyros GJ, Roach JM, Hurwitz KM, Eliasson AH, Phillips YY. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation as a bronchoprovocation technique. Development of a standardized dosing schedule in asthmatics. Chest. 1996;109:1520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aridol™. Mannitol bronchial challenge test website. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA drug safety communication: new safety requirements for long-acting inhaled asthma medications called long-acting Beta-agonists (LABAs). 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baek HS, Kim YD, Shin JH, Kim JH, Oh JW, Lee HB. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels correlate with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;107(1): 14–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baki A, Orhan F. The effect of loratadine in exercise-induced asthma. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:38–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bardagi S, Agudo A, Gonzalez CA, Romero PV. Prevalence of exercise-induced airway narrowing in schoolchildren from a Mediterranean town. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147:1112–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barreto M, Villa MP, Olita C, Martella S, Ciabattoni G, Montuschi P. 8-Isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children and adolescents. Chest. 2009;135(1): 66–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benarab-Boucherit Y, Mehdioui H, Nedjar F, Delpierre S, Bouchair N, Aberkane A. Prevalence rate of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in Annaba (Algeria) schoolchildren. J Asthma. 2011;48(5):511–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard A, Nickmilder M, Voisin C, Sardella A. Impact of chlorinated swimming pool attendance on the respiratory health of adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009;124(4): 1110–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bikov A, Gajdocsi R, Huszar E, Szili B, Lazar Z, Antus B, et al. Exercise increases exhaled breath condensate cysteinyl leukotriene concentration in asthmatic patients. J Asthma. 2010;47(9):1057–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bisgaard H. Long-acting beta2-agonists in management of childhood asthma: a critical review of the literature. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;29(3):221–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake K. Review of guidelines and the literature in the treatment of acute bronchospasm in asthma. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26(9 Pt 2):148S–55S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boner AL, Vallone G, De Stefano G. Effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on methacholine and exercise provocation in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1989;6(2):81–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boner AL, Spezia E, Piovesan P, Chiocca E, Maiocchi G. Inhaled formoterol in the prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:935–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonini M, Permaul P, Kulkarni T, Kazani S, Segal A, Sorkness CA, et al. Loss of salmeterol bronchoprotection against exercise in relation to ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism and exhaled nitric oxide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(12): 1407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bood JR, Sundblad BM, Delin I, Sjodin M, Larsson K, Anderson SD, et al. Urinary excretion of lipid mediators in response to repeated eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;119(3):272–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bougault V, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Bronchial challenges and respiratory symptoms in elite swimmers and winter sport athletes: airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance. Chest. 2010;138(2 Suppl):31S–7S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boulet LP, O’Byrne PM. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):641–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boulet L-P, Turcotte H, Tennina S. Comparative efficacy of salbutamol, ipratropium and cromoglycate in the prevention of bronchospasm induced by exercise and hyperosmolar challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1989;83:882–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the assessment of asthma control: airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: its measurement and clinical significance. Chest. 2010;138(2 Suppl):11S–7S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD, Porsbjerg C. Testing for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2018;38(2):215–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD, Koskela H, Anderson SD, Chew N. Responsiveness to mannitol in asthmatic subjects with exercise- and hyperventilation-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(4):1120–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Gomes K, King GG, Chan H-K, Seale JP. Fexofenadine decreases sensitivity to and montelukast improves recovery from inhaled mannitol. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163: 1420–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD, Gulliksson M, Anderson SD, Chew N, Kumlin M. Evidence of mast cell activation and leukotriene release after mannitol inhalation. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(3):491–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Perry CP, Freed-Martens R, Lassig AR, Charlton B. The safety and efficacy of inhaled dry powder mannitol as a bronchial provocation test for airway hyperresponsiveness: a phase 3 comparison study with hypertonic (4.5%) saline. Respir Res. 2005;6:144.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brannan JD, Gulliksson M, Anderson SD, Chew N, Seale JP, Kumlin M. Inhibition of mast cell PGD2 release protects against mannitol-induced airway narrowing. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:944–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronsky EA, Kemp JP, Zhand J, Guerreiro D, Reiss TF. Dose-related protection of exercise bronchoconstriction by montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene-receptor antagonist, at the end of a once-daily dosing interval. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997;62(5):556–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bronsky EA, Yegen Ü, Yeh CM, Larsen LV, Della Cioppa G. Formoterol provides long-lasting protection against exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002;89:407–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE, Bonini S, Canonica GW, Casale TB, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(3):466–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brutsche M, Britschgi D, Dayer E, Tschopp JM. Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in relation to seasonal and perennial specific IgE in young adults. Allergy. 1995;50(11):905–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabral ALB, Conceição GM, Fonseca-Guedes CHF, Martins MA. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1819–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen KH, Roksund O, Olsholt K, Nija F, Leegard J, Bratten G. Overnight protection by inhaled salmeterol on exercise-induced asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:1852–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen KH, Engh G, Mørk M. Exercise induced bronchoconstriction depends on exercise load. Respir Med. 2000;94(8):750–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, Bonini S, Brusasco V, Canonica W, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy. 2008a;63(4):387–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, Bonini S, Brusasco V, Canonica W, et al. Treatment of exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports and the relationship to doping: part II of the report from the Joint Task Force of European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA(2)LEN. Allergy. 2008b;63(5):492–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carraro S, Corradi M, Zanconato S, Alinovi R, Pasquale MF, Zacchello F, et al. Exhaled breath condensate cysteinyl leukotrienes are increased in children with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(4):764–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi IS, Ki WJ, Kim TO, Han ER, Seo IK. Seasonal factors influencing exercise-induced asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2012;4(4):192–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chong LK, Suvarna K, Chess-Williams R, Peachell PT. Desensitization of b2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses by short-acting b2-adrenoceptor agonists in human lung mast cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2003;138:512–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clee MD, Ingram CG, Reid PC, Robertson AS. The effect of astemizole on exercise-induced asthma. Br J Dis Chest. 1984;78(2):180–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cockcroft D, Davis B. Direct and indirect challenges in the clinical assessment of asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103(5):363–9; quiz 9-72, 400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comis A, Valletta EA, Sette L, Andreoli A, Boner AL. Comparison of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate administered by pressurized aerosol, with and without a spacer device in exercise-induced asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 1993;6:523–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coreno A, Skowronski M, Kotaur C, McFadden ER. Comparative effects of long-acting b2-agonists, leukotriene antagonists, and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on exercise-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:500–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Couillard S, Bougault V, Turmel J, Boulet LP. Perception of bronchoconstriction following methacholine and eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea challenges in elite athletes. Chest. 2014;145(4):794–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, Hankinson JL, Irvin CG, et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing – 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:309–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlén B, Roquet A, Inman MD, Karlsson Ö, Naya I, Anstrén G, et al. Influence of zafirlukast and loratadine on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(5 Pt 1):789–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis MS, Daviskas E, Anderson SD, Kotaru C, Hejal RB, Finigan JH, et al. Airway surface fluid desiccation during isocapnic hyperpnea. J Appl Physiol. 2003a;94(6):2545–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis BE, Reid JK, Cockcroft DW. Formoterol thrice weekly does not result in the development of tolerance to bronchoprotection. Can Respir J. 2003b;10(1):23–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daviskas E, Gonda I, Anderson SD. Local airway heat and water vapour losses. Respir Physiol. 1991;84:115–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Aguiar KB, Anzolin M, Zhang L. Global prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(4):412–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Baets F, Bodart E, Dramaix-Wilmet M, Van Daele S, de Bildering G, Masset S, et al. Exercise-induced respiratory symptoms are poor predictors of bronchoconstriction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39(4):301–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Benedictis FM, Tuteri G, Pazzelli P, Solinas LF, Niccoli A, Parente C. Combination drug therapy for the prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;80(4):352–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Benedictis FM, del Giudice MM, Forenza N, Decimo F, de Benedictis D, Capristo A. Lack of tolerance to the protective effect of montelukast in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. Eur Respir J. 2006;28(2):291–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Menezes MB, Ferraz E, Brannan JD, Martinez EZ, Vianna EO. The efficacy and safety of mannitol challenge in a workplace setting for assessing asthma prevalence. J Asthma. 2018;1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson J. Screening elite winter athletes for exercise induced asthma: a comparison of three challenge methods. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(2):179–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty RH, Sidhu SS, Raman K, Solon M, Solberg OD, Caughey GH, et al. Accumulation of intraepithelial mast cells with a unique protease phenotype in T(H)2-high asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(5):1046–53.e8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drazen JM, Silverman EK, Lee TH. Heterogeneity of therapeutic responses in asthma. Br Med Bull. 2000;56(4):1054–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Driessen JM, Nieland H, van der Palen JA, van Aalderen WM, Thio BJ, de Jongh FH. Effects of a single dose inhaled corticosteroid on the dynamics of airway obstruction after exercise. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46(9):849–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy P, Phillips YY. Caffeine consumption decreases the response to bronchoprovocation challenge with dry gas hyperventilation. Chest. 1991;99:1374–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duong M, Subbarao P, Adelroth E, Obminski G, Strinich T, Inman M, et al. Sputum eosinophils and the response of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction to corticosteroid in asthma. Chest. 2008;133(2):404–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duong M, Amin R, Baatjes AJ, Kritzinger F, Qi Y, Meghji Z, et al. The effect of montelukast, budesonide alone, and in combination on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(2):535–9.e3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman JM, Turpin JA, Bronsky EA. Oral Montelukast compared with inhaled salmeterol to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:97–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edmunds A, Tooley M, Godfrey S. The refractory period after exercise-induced asthma: its duration and relation to the severity of exercise. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;117:247–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggleston PA, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM. A comparison of the osmotic activation of basophils and human lung mast cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135:1043–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eliasson AH, Phillips YY, Rajagopal KR, Howard RS. Sensitivity and specificity of bronchial provocation testing. An evaluation of four techniques in exercise-induced bronchospasm. Chest. 1992;102:347–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elkins MR, Brannan JD. Warm-up exercise can reduce exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(10):657–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis EF. Inhibition of exercise-induced asthma by theophylline. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;73(5 Pt 2):690–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eschenbacher WL, Sheppard D. Respiratory heat loss is not the sole stimulus for bronchoconstriction induced by isocapnic hyperpnea with dry air. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:894–901.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eveloff JL, Warnock DG. Activation of ion transport systems during cell volume regulation. Am J Physiol. 1987;252(Renal Electrolyte Phys 21):F1–F10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahy JV, Wong HH, Geppetti P, Reis JM, Harris SC, Maclean DB, et al. Effect of an NK1 receptor antagonist (CP-99,994) on hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction and cough in male asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:879–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari M, Balestreri F, Baratieri S, Biasin C, Oldani V, Lo Cascio V. Evidence of the rapid protective effect of formoterol dry-powder inhalation against exercise-induced bronchospasm in athletes with asthma. Clin Invest. 2000;67:510–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari M, Segattini C, Zanon R, Bertaiola M, Balestreri F, Brotto E, et al. Comparison of the protective effect of salmeterol against exercise-induced bronchospasm when given immediately before a cycloergometric test. Respiration. 2002;69(6):509–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty JP, Holgate ST. Evidence for the roles of histamine and prostaglandins as mediators in exercise-induced asthma: the inhibitory effect of terfenadine and flurbiprofen alone and in combination. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:540–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finnerty JP, Wood-Baker R, Thomson H, Holgate S. Role of leukotrienes in exercise-induced asthma. Inhibitory effect of ICI 204219, a potent leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;145:746–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch KD, Morton AR. Specificity of exercise in exercise-induced asthma. Br Med J. 1971;4:577–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch KD, Sue-Chu M, Anderson SD, Boulet LP, Hancox RJ, McKenzie DC, et al. Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee’s consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22–24, 2008. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):254–60, 260.e1–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank PI, Morris JA, Hazell ML, Linehan MF, Frank TL. Long term prognosis in preschool children with wheeze: longitudinal postal questionnaire study 1993–2004. BMJ. 2008;336(7658):1423–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freed AN, Davis MS. Hyperventilation with dry air increases airway surface fluid osmolality in canine peripheral airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(4):1101–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freed AN, Omori C, Hubbard WC, Adkinson NF. Dry air- and hypertonic aerosol-induced bronchoconstriction and cellular responses in the canine lung periphery. Eur Respir J. 1994;7:1308–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freed AN, Omori C, Schofield BH. The effect of bronchial blood flow on hyperpnea-induced airway obstruction and injury. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:1221–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Freed AN, McCulloch S, Meyers T, Suzuki R. Neurokinins modulate hyperventilation-induced bronchoconstriction in canine peripheral airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(8):1102–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia R, Guerra P, Feo F, Galindo PA, Gomez E, Borja J, et al. Tachyphylaxis following regular use of formoterol in exercise-induced bronchospasm. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2001;11(3):176–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gauvreau GM, Ronnen GM, Watson RM, O’Byrne PM. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction does not cause eosinophilic airway inflammation or airway hyperresponsiveness in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1302–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh SK, De Vos C, McIlroy I, Patel KR. Effect of cetirizine on exercise induced asthma. Thorax. 1991;46:242–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma and management and prevention. In: N. H. National Institutes of Health, Lung and Blood Institute, editors. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. Bethesda: Medical Communication Resources; Revised 2007a. p. 16–19. http://www.ginasthma.org

  • Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma and management and prevention. NHLBI/WHO workshop report. Bethesda: Medical Communication Resources; 2007b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S, Fitch KD. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: celebrating 50 years. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2013;33(3):283–97, vii

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S, Konig P. Exercise-induced bronchial lability in wheezy children and their families. Pediatrics. 1975a;56(5 pt-2 suppl):851–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S, Konig P. Suppression of exercise-induced asthma by salbutamol, theophylline, atropine, cromolyn, and placebo in a group of asthmatic children. Pediatrics. 1975b;56:930–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey S, Konig P. Inhibition of exercise-induced asthma by different pharmacological pathways. Thorax. 1976;31(2):137–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg S, Schwartz S, Izbicki G, Hamami RB, Picard E. Sensitivity of exercise testing for asthma in adolescents is halved in the summer. Chest. 2005;128(4):2408–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg S, Mimouni F, Joseph L, Izbicki G, Picard E. Seasonal effect on exercise challenge tests for the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2012;33(5):416–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grzelewski T, Stelmach I. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children: a comparative systematic review of the available treatment options. Drugs. 2009;69(12):1533–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulliksson M, Palmberg L, Nilsson G, Ahlstedt S, Kumlin M. Release of prostaglandin D2 and leukotriene C in response to hyperosmolar stimulation of mast cells. Allergy. 2006;61(12):1473–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrand TS, Henderson WR Jr. An update on the role of leukotrienes in asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10(1):60–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrand TS, Curtis JR, Koepsell TD, Martin DP, Schoene RB, Sullivan SD, et al. Effectiveness of screening examinations to detect unrecognised exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Pediatr. 2002;141(3):343–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrand TS, Moody MW, Aitken ML, Henderson WR Jr. Airway immunopathology of asthma with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005a;116(3):586–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrand TS, Moody MW, Wurfel MM, Schwartz LB, Henderson WR, Aitken ML. Inflammatory basis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005b;172(6):679–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrand TS, Debley JS, Farin FM, Henderson WR Jr. Role of MUC5AC in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(5):1092–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hallstrand TS, Lai Y, Henderson WR Jr, Altemeier WA, Gelb MH. Epithelial regulation of eicosanoid production in asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2012;25(6): 432–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hancox RJ, Aldridge EE, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, McLachlan CR, et al. Tolerance to beta-agonists during acute bronchoconstriction. Eur Respir J. 1999;14(2):283–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancox RJ, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Herbison GP, McLachlan CR, Taylor DR. Bronchodilator tolerance and rebound bronchoconstriction during regular inhaled beta-agonist treatment. Respir Med. 2000;94(8):767–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancox RJ, Subbarao P, Kamada D, Watson RM, Hargreave FE, Inman MD. Beta2-agonist tolerance and exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(8):1068–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haney S, Hancox RJ. Rapid onset of tolerance to beta-agonist bronchodilation. Respir Med. 2005;99(5): 566–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haney S, Hancox RJ. Recovery from bronchoconstriction and bronchodilator tolerance. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006;31(2–3):181–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haney S, Hancox RJ. Overcoming beta-agonist tolerance: high dose salbutamol and ipratropium bromide. Two randomised controlled trials. Respir Res. 2007;8:19.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley JPR, Charles TJ, Monie RDG, Seaton A, Taylor WH, Westood A, et al. Arterial plasma histamine after exercise in normal individuals and in patients with exercise induced asthma. Clin Sci. 1981;61:151–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haverkamp HC, Dempsey JA, Miller JD, Romer LM, Pegelow DF, Lovering AT, et al. Repeat exercise normalizes the gas-exchange impairment induced by a previous exercise bout in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99(5):1843–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haverkamp HC, Dempsey JA, Pegelow DF, Miller JD, Romer LM, Santana M, et al. Treatment of airway inflammation improves exercise pulmonary gas exchange and performance in asthmatic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(1):39–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes MJ, Qing F, Rhodes CG, Rahman SU, Ind PW, Sriskandan S, et al. In vivo quantification of human pulmonary beta-adrenoceptors: effect of beta-agonist therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(5): 1277–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helenius I, Haahtela T. Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(3): 444–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helenius IJ, Tikkanen HO, Haahtela T. Association between type of training and risk of asthma in elite athletes. Thorax. 1997;52:157–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Helenius IJ, Tikkanen HO, Haahtela T. Occurrence of exercise induced bronchospasm in elite runners: dependence on atopy and exposure to cold air and pollen. Br J Sports Med. 1998;32:125–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Helenius I, Rytilä P, Sarna S, Lumme A, Helenius M, Remes V, et al. Effect of continuing or finishing high-level sports on airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and asthma: a 5-year prospective follow-up study of 42 highly trained swimmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(6):962–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrickson CD, Lynch JM, Gleeson K. Exercise induced asthma: a clinical perspective. Lung. 1994;172(1): 1–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen JM. Effect of inhalation of corticosteroids on exercise induced asthma: randomised double blind crossover study of budesonide in asthmatic children. Br Med J. 1985;291:248–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen JM, Wenzel A. Effect of an intranasally administered corticosteroid (budesonide) on nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130(6):1014–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstra WB, Neijens HJ, Duiverman EJ, Kouwenberg JM, Mulder PG, Kuethe MC, et al. Dose-response over time to inhaled fluticasone propionate: treatment of exercise- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2000;29(6): 415–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holley AB, Cohee B, Walter RJ, Shah AA, King CS, Roop S. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation is superior to methacholine challenge testing for detecting airway hyperreactivity in nonathletes. J Asthma. 2012;49(6):614–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer K, Anderson SD, Douglass J. Exercise in elite summer athletes: challenges for diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(3):374–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer K, Anderson SD, Chan H-K, Douglass J. Mannitol as a challenge test to identify exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(4):534–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull JH, Hull PJ, Parsons JP, Dickinson JW, Ansley L. Approach to the diagnosis and management of suspected exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by primary care physicians. BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9:29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ichinose M, Miura M, Yamauchi H, Kageyama N, Tomaki M, Oyake T, et al. A neurokinin 1-receptor antagonist improves exercise-induced airway narrowing in asthmatic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:936–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iikura Y, Hashimoto K, Akasawa A, Katsunuma T, Ebisawa M, Saito H, et al. Serum theophylline concentration levels and preventative effects on exercise-induced asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996;26(Suppl 2): 38–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guidance for Industry. Development of drugs to prevent EIB. Draft guidance. US Dept of health and human services. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inman MD, O’Byrne PM. The effect of regular inhaled albuterol on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:65–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson M. Molecular mechanisms of b2 adrenergic receptor function, response and regulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:18–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Blomqvist P. Clinical efficacy of low-dose inhaled budesonide once or twice daily in children with mild asthma not previously treated with steroids. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1099–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonasson G, Carlsen KH, Hultquist C. Low-dose budesonide improves exercise-induced bronchospasm in schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2000;11(2):120–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones CO, Qureshi S, Rona RJ, Chinn S. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by ethnicity and presence of asthma in British nine year olds. Thorax. 1996;51(11):1134–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kalra S, Swystun VA, Bhagat R, Cockcroft DW. Inhaled corticosteroids do not prevent the development of tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol. Chest. 1996;109:953–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang MJ, Lee SY, Kim HB, Yu J, Kim BJ, Choi WA, et al. Association of IL-13 polymorphisms with leukotriene receptor antagonist drug responsiveness in Korean children with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008;18(7):551–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karjalainen E-M, Laitinen A, Sue-Chu M, Altraja A, Bjermer L, Laitinen LA. Evidence of airway inflammation and remodeling in ski athletes with and without bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(6):2086–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly KD, Spooner CH, Rowe BH. Nedocromil sodium versus sodium cromoglycate in treatment of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2001;17:39–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Busse WW, Bleecker ER. Prolonged effect of inhaled salmeterol against exercise-induced bronchospasm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:1612–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp JP, Dockhorn RJ, Shapiro GG, Nguyen HH, Reiss TF, Seidenberg BC, et al. Montelukast once daily inhibits exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in 6- to 14-year-old children with asthma. J Pediatr. 1998;133(3):424–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent SE, Bentley JH, Miller D, Sterling R, Menendez R, Tarpay M, et al. The effect of GSK2190915, a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor, on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014;35(2):126–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kersten ET, van Leeuwen JC, Brand PL, Duiverman EJ, de Jongh FH, Thio BJ, et al. Effect of an intranasal corticosteroid on exercise induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(1): 27–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Lee SY, Kim HB, Jin HS, Yu JH, Kim BJ, et al. TBXA2R gene polymorphism and responsiveness to leukotriene receptor antagonist in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(1):51–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kippelen P, Anderson SD. Pathogenesis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2013;33(3):299–312, vii

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kippelen P, Larsson J, Anderson SD, Brannan JD, Dahlen B, Dahlen SE. Effect of sodium cromoglycate on mast cell mediators during hyperpnea in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010a;42(10):1853–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kippelen P, Larsson J, Anderson SD, Brannan JD, Delin I, Dahlen B, et al. Acute effects of beclomethasone on hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010b;42(2):273–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kippelen P, Larsson J, Anderson SD. Acute effects of beclomethasone on hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010c;42:273–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kivity S, Ben Aharon Y, Man A, Topilsky M. The effect of caffeine on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Chest. 1990;97(5):1083–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knopfli BH, Bar-Or O, Araujo CG. Effect of ipratropium bromide on EIB in children depends on vagal activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(3):354–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koh MS, Tee A, Lasserson TJ, Irving LB. Inhaled corticosteroids compared to placebo for prevention of exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;18(3):CD002739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koskela HO, Lake C, Wong K, Brannan JD. Cough sensitivity to mannitol inhalation challenge identifies subjects with chronic cough. Eur Respir J. 2018;51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukafka DS, Lang DM, Porter S, Rogers J, Ciccolella D, Polansky M, et al. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in high school athletes via a free running test: incidence and epidemiology. Chest. 1998;114(6):1613–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzemko JA. Twenty years of sodium cromoglycate treatment: a short review. Respir Med. 1989;83:11–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai YL, Lee SP. Mediators in hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction of Guinea pigs. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 1999;360(5): 597–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai Y, Altemeier WA, Vandree J, Piliponsky AM, Johnson B, Appel CL, et al. Increased density of intraepithelial mast cells in patients with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction regulated through epithelially derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(5):1448–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson K, Ohlsén P, Malmberg P, Rydström P-O, Ulriksen H. High prevalence of asthma in cross country skiers. BMJ. 1993;307:1326–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson J, Perry CP, Anderson SD, Brannan JD, Dahlen SE, Dahlen B. The occurrence of refractoriness and mast cell mediator release following mannitol-induced bronchoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;110(4):1029–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latimer KM, O’Byrne PM, Morris MM, Roberts R, Hargreave FE. Bronchoconstriction stimulated by airway cooling. Better protection with combined inhalation of terbutaline sulphate and cromolyn sodium than with either alone. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983;128: 440–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarinis N, Jorgensen L, Ekstrom T, Bjermer L, Dahlen B, Pullerits T, et al. Combination of budesonide/formoterol on demand improves asthma control by reducing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Thorax. 2014;69(2):130–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazo-Velasquez JC, Lozada AR, Cruz HM. Evaluation of severity of bronchial asthma through an exercise bronchial challenge. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40(5):457–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leff JA, Busse WW, Pearlman D, Bronsky EA, Kemp J, Hendeles L, et al. Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, for the treatment of mild asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(3):147–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehnigk B, Rabe KF, Dent G, Herst RS, Carpentier PJ, Magnussen H. Effects of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, ABT-761, on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and urinary LTE4 in asthmatic patients. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:617–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipworth BJ, Short PM, Williamson PA, Clearie KL, Fardon TC, Jackson CM. A randomized primary care trial of steroid titration against mannitol in persistent asthma: STAMINA trial. Chest. 2012;141(3):607–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madhuban AA, Driessen JM, Brusse-Keizer MG, van Aalderen WM, de Jongh FH, Thio BJ. Association of the asthma control questionnaire with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Asthma. 2011;48(3):275–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnussen H, Reuss G, Jörres R, Aurich R. The effect of azelasatine on exercise-induced asthma. Chest. 1988;93(5):937–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnussen H, Nowak D, Wiebicke W. Effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on the airway response to methacholine, histamine, and exercise in patients with mild bronchial asthma. Respiration. 1992;59(1):42–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg LP, Pelkonen AS, Mattila PS, Hammaren-Malmi S, Makela MJ. Exhaled nitric oxide and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in young wheezy children – interactions with atopy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009;20(7):673–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning PJ, Watson RM, Margolskee DJ, Williams VC, Schwartz JI, O’Byrne PM. Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by MK-571, a potent leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1736–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manning PJ, Watson RM, O’Byrne PM. Exercise-induced refractoriness in asthmatic subjects involves leukotriene and prostaglandin interdependent mechanisms. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:950–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannix ET, Farber MO, Palange P, Galassetti P, Manfredi F. Exercise-induced asthma in figure skaters. Chest. 1996;109:312–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannix ET, Manfredi F, Farber MO. A comparison of two challenge tests for identifying exercise-induced bronchospasm in figure skaters. Chest. 1999;115:649–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannix ET, Roberts M, Fagin DP, Reid B, Farber MO. The prevalence of airways hyperresponsiveness in members of an exercise training facility. J Asthma. 2003;40(4): 349–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCreanor J, Cullinan P, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Stewart-Evans J, Malliarou E, Jarup L, et al. Respiratory effects of exposure to diesel traffic in persons with asthma. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(23):2348–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER, Gilbert IA. Exercise-induced asthma. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1362–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER, Pichurko BM. Intraairway thermal profiles during exercise and hyperventilation in normal man. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:1007–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McFadden ER, Lenner KA, Strohl KP. Postexertional airway rewarming and thermally induced asthma. J Clin Invest. 1986;78:18–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw DW, Liggett SB. Heterogeneity of beta adrenergic receptor kinase expression in the lung accounts for cell-specific desensitisation of the beta adrenergic receptor. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:7338–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKenzie DC, McLuckie SL, Stirling DR. The protective effects of continuous and interval exercise in athletes with exercise-induced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(8):951–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melillo E, Woolley KL, Manning PJ, Watson RM, O’Byrne PM. Effect of inhaled PGE2 on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:1138–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer SS, Hasday JD, Cohn J, Bleecker ER. Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchospasm by zileuton: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153(3):931–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickleborough TD, Gotshall RW, Kluka EM, Miller CW, Cordain L. Dietary chloride as a possible determinant of the severity of exercise-induced asthma. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;85(5):450–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickleborough TD, Murray RL, Ionescu AA, Lindley MR. Fish oil supplementation reduces severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(10): 1181–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ray S. Dietary salt, airway inflammation, and diffusing capacity in exercise-induced asthma. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(6):904–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA, Fly AD. Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Chest. 2006;129(1):39–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Turner LA. Comparative effects of a high-intensity interval warm-up and salbutamol on the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise in asthmatic athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(6):456–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moloney ED, Griffin S, Burke CM, Poulter LW, O’Sullivan S. Release of inflammatory mediators from eosinophils following a hyperosmolar stimulus. Respir Med. 2003;97:1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molphy J, Dickinson J, Hu J, Chester N, Whyte G. Prevalence of bronchoconstriction induced by eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea in recreationally active individuals. J Asthma. 2014;51(1):44–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mountjoy M, Fitch K, Boulet LP, Bougault V, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(3):588–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz PA, Gomez FP, Manrique HA, Roca J, Barbera JA, Young IH, et al. Pulmonary gas exchange response to exercise- and mannitol- induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma. J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(5):1477–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naline E, Devillier P, Drapeau G, Toty L, Bakdach H, Regoli D, et al. Characterization of neurokinin effects and receptor selectivity in human isolated bronchi. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140(3):679–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma – summary report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:S94–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health NH, Lung and Blood Institute. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma-summary report 2007. Bethesda MD NHLBI/WHO workshop report Publication No 08–4051. J Allergy Clin Immonol. 2007;120(5 Suppl):S94–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson JA, Strauss L, Skowronshi M, Ciufo R, Novak R, McFadden ER. Effect of long-term salmeterol treatment on exercise-induced asthma. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(3):141–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newnham DM, Ingram CG, Earnshaw J, Palmer JBD, Dhillon DP. Salmeterol provides prolonged protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in a majority of subjects with mild, stable asthma. Respir Med. 1993;87:439–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Byrne PM. Leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of asthma. Chest. 1997;111(Suppl 2):27S–34S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Byrne PM. Leukotriene bronchoconstriction induced by allergen and exercise. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(2 Pt 2):S68–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Cain CF, Hensley MJ, McFadden ERJ, Ingram RH Jr. Pattern and mechanism of airway response to hypocapnia in normal subjects. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1979;47(1):8–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor BJ, Aikman S, Barnes PJ. Tolerance to the non-bronchodilator effects of inhaled beta-agonists in asthma. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1204–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan S, Roquet A, Dahlén B, Larsen F, Eklund A, Kumlin M, et al. Evidence for mast cell activation during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Eur Respir J. 1998a;12:345–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan S, Roquet A, Dahlén B, Dahlén S-E, Kumlin M. Urinary excretion of inflammatory mediators during allergen-induced early and late phase asthmatic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998b;228:1332–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park HK, Jung JW, Cho SH, Min KU, Kang HR. What makes a difference in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: an 8 year retrospective analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e87155.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons JP, Mastronarde JG. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. Chest. 2005;128(6): 3966–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons JP, Kaeding C, Phillips GD, Jarjoura D, Wadley G, Mastronade JG. Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in a cohort of varsity college athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(9):1487–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, Kaminsky DA, Rundell KW, Hull JH, et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(9):1016–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Passalacqua G, Canonica GW, Bousquet J. Structure and classification of H1-antihistamines and overview of their activities. Clin Allergy Immunol. 2002;17: 65–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KR. Terfenadine in exercise-induced asthma. Br Med J. 1984;85:1496–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KR, Wall RT. Dose-duration effect of sodium cromoglycate aerosol in exercise-induced asthma. Eur J Respir Dis. 1986;69:256–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel KR, Tullett WM, Neale MG, Wall RT, Tan KM. Plasma concentrations of sodium cromoglycate given by nebulisation and metered dose inhalers in patients with exercise-induced asthma: relationship to protective effect. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;21(2):231–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peachell P. Regulation of mast cells by b2-agonists. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006;31(2–3):131–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlman DS, Ostrom NK, Bronsky EA, Bonuccelli CM, Hanby LA. The leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist zafirlukast attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children. J Pediatr. 1999;134(3):273–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlman DS, van Adelsberg J, Philip G, Tilles SA, Busse W, Hendeles L, et al. Onset and duration of protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by a single oral dose of montelukast. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(1):98–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlman D, Qaqundah P, Matz J, Yancey SW, Stempel DA, Ortega HG. Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol and exercise-induced asthma in children with persistent asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44(5): 429–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen S, Hansen OR. Budesonide treatment of moderate and severe asthma in children: a dose-response study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995;95(1 Pt 1):29–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen L, Winther S, Backer V, Anderson SD, Larsen KR. Airway responses to eucapnic hyperpnea, exercise and methacholine in elite swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(9):1567–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Ress M, Bodini A, Loiacono A, Aralla R, et al. Time efficacy of a single dose of montelukast on exercise-induced asthma in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002a;13(6):434–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Pietrobelli A, Loiacono A, De Gasperi W, Sabbion A, et al. The combination of single-dose montelukast and loratadine on exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. Eur Respir J. 2002b;20(1):104–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philip G, Villaran C, Pearlman DS, Loeys T, Dass SB, Reiss TF. Protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction two hours after a single oral dose of montelukast. J Asthma. 2007a;44(3):213–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philip G, Pearlman DS, Villaran C, Legrand C, Loeys T, Langdon RB, et al. Single-dose montelukast or salmeterol as protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Chest. 2007b;132(3):875–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips YY, Jaeger JJ, Laube BL, Rosenthal RR. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation of compressed gas mixture. A simple system for bronchial challenge by respiratory heat loss. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:31–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohjantahti H, Laitinen J, Parkkari J. Exercise-induced bronchospasm among healthy elite cross country skiers and non-athletic students. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(5):324–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poppius H, Sovijarvi ARA, Tammilehto L. Lack of protective effect of high-dose ipratropium on bronchoconstriction following exercise with cold air breathing in patients with mild asthma. Eur J Respir Dis. 1986;68:319–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porsbjerg C, Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Backer V. Relationship between airway responsiveness to mannitol and to methacholine and markers of airway inflammation, peak flow variability and quality of life in asthma patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(1):43–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price OJ, Ansley L, Hull JH. Diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea: is one test enough? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(2):243–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price OJ, Ansley L, Levai IK, Molphy J, Cullinan P, Dickinson JW, et al. Eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea testing in asymptomatic athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(10):1178–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raissy HH, Harkins M, Kelly F, Kelly HW. Pretreatment with albuterol versus montelukast for exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(3):287–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramage L, Lipworth BJ, Ingram CG, Cree IA, Dhillon DP. Reduced protection against exercise induced bronchoconstriction after chronic dosing with salmeterol. Respir Med. 1994;88:363–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph C. Pediatric exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: contemporary developments in epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13(6):662–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph CC, Dreyfus D, Rundell KW, Bangladore D, Fraser B. Prevalence of allergy and asthma symptoms in recreational roadrunners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(12):2053–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss TF, Hill JB, Harman E, Zhang J, Tanaka WK, Bronsky E, et al. Increased urinary excretion of LTE4 after exercise and attenuation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist. Thorax. 1997;52(12):1030–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rossing TH, Weiss JW, Breslin FJ, Ingram RH Jr, McFadden ERJ. Effects of inhaled sympathomimetics on obstructive response to respiratory heat loss. J Appl Physiol. 1982;52(5):1119–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rouhos A, Ekroos H, Karjalainen J, Sarna S, Sovijarvi AR. Exhaled nitric oxide and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in young male conscripts: association only in atopics. Allergy. 2005;60(12):1493–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW. High levels of airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter in indoor ice arenas. Inhal Toxicol. 2003;15(3):237–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Caviston R. Ultrafine and fine particulate matter inhalation decreases exercise performance in healthy subjects. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(1):2–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Slee JB. Exercise and other indirect challenges to demonstrate asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):238–46; quiz 47–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Mayers LB, Im J. Exercise-induced asthma screening of elite athletes: field vs laboratory exercise challenge. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):309–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Im J, Mayers LB, Wilber RL, Szmedra L, Schmitz HR. Self-reported symptoms and exercise-induced asthma in the elite athlete. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(2):208–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Judelson DA, Wilson MH. Bronchoconstriction during cross-country skiing: is there really a refractory period? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(1):18–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Evans TM, Baumann JM. Baseline lung function, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and asthma-like symptoms in elite women ice hockey players. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004a;36(3): 405–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Anderson SD, Spiering BA, Judelson DA. Field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes. Chest. 2004b;125:909–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell K, Spiering BA, Baumann JM, Evans TM. Effects of montelukast on airway narrowing from eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation and cold air exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(4):232–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Caviston R, Hollenbach AM, Murphy K. Vehicular air pollution, playgrounds, and youth athletic fields. Inhal Toxicol. 2006;18(8):541–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Hoffman JR, Caviston R, Bulbulian R, Hollenbach AM. Inhalation of ultrafine and fine particulate matter disrupts systemic vascular function. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19(2):133–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rundell KW, Anderson SD, Sue-Chu M, Bougault V, Boulet LP. Air quality and temperature effects on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Compr Physiol. 2015;5(2):579–610.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sallaoui R, Chamari K, Mossa A, Tabka Z, Chtara M, Feki Y, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and atopy in Tunisian athletes. BMC Pulm Med. 2009;9:8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sano F, Sole D, Naspitz CK. Prevalence and characteristics of exercise-induced asthma in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1998;9(4):181–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeffel RE, Anderson SD, Gillam I, Lindsay DA. Multiple exercise and histamine challenge in asthmatic patients. Thorax. 1980;35:164–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeffel RE, Anderson SD, Lindsay DA. Sodium Cromoglycate as a pressurized aerosol (Vicrom) in exercise-induced asthma. Aust NZ J Med. 1983;13: 157–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scola AM, Chong LK, Suvarna SK, Chess-Williams R, Peachell PT. Desensitisation of mast cell b2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses by salmeterol and formoterol. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;141(1):163–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scollo M, Zanconato S, Ongaro R, Zaramella C, Zacchello F, Baraldi E. Exhaled nitric oxide and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161: 1047–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seale JP, Anderson SD, Lindsay DA. A comparison of oral theophylline and oral salbutamol in exercise-induced asthma. Aust NZ J Med. 1977;7:270–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seccombe LM, Buddle L, Brannan JD, Peters MJ, Farah CS. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with firefighting contained breathing apparatus. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50(2):327–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shturman-Ellstein R, Zeballos RJ, Buckley JM, Souhrada JF. The beneficial effect of nasal breathing on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118:65–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman M, Andrea T. Time course of effect of disodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced asthma. Arch Dis Child. 1972;47(253):419–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Simons FE, Gerstner TV, Cheang MS. Tolerance to the bronchoprotective effect of salmeterol in adolescents with exercise-induced asthma using concurrent inhaled glucocorticoid treatment. Pediatrics. 1997;99(5): 655–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson AJ, Tufvesson E, Anderson SD, Romer LM, Bjermer L, Kippelen P. Effect of terbutaline on hyperpnoea-induced bronchoconstriction and urinary club cell protein 16 in athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013;115(10):1450–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson AJ, Romer LM, Kippelen P. Self-reported symptoms after induced and inhibited bronchoconstriction in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47:2005–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson AJ, Bood JR, Anderson SD, Romer LM, Dahlen B, Dahlen SE, et al. A standard, single dose of inhaled terbutaline attenuates hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction and mast cell activation in athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2016;120(9):1011–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spooner C, Spooner G, Rowe B. Mast-cell stabilising agents to prevent exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;4:CD002307.

    Google Scholar 

  • SMTEC. EucapSYS system for eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadelmann K, Stensrud T, Carlsen KH. Respiratory symptoms and bronchial responsiveness in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(3):375–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stelmach I, Grzelewski T, Majak P, Jerzynska J, Stelmach W, Kuna P. Effect of different antiasthmatic treatments on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(2):383–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stensrud T, Mykland KV, Gabrielsen K, Carlsen KH. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in skiers: field test versus methacholine provocation? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(10):1681–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern DA, Morgan WJ, Halonen M, Wright AL, Martinez FD. Wheezing and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in early childhood as predictors of newly diagnosed asthma in early adulthood: a longitudinal birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2008;372(9643): 1058–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stickland MK, Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Vandermeer B, Dryden DM. Effect of warm-up exercise on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):383–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storms W, Chervinsky P, Ghannam AF, Bird S, Hustad CM, Edelman JM. A comparison of the effects of oral montelukast and inhaled salmeterol on response to rescue bronchodilation after challenge. Respir Med. 2004;98(11):1051–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subbarao P, Duong M, Adelroth E, Otis J, Obminski G, Inman M, et al. Effect of ciclesonide dose and duration of therapy on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117(5):1008–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue-Chu M, Larsson L, Moen T, Rennard SI, Bjermer L. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage findings in cross-country skiers with and without “ski asthma”. Eur Respir J. 1999a;13(3):626–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue-Chu M, Henriksen AH, Bjermer L. Non-invasive evaluation of lower airway inflammation in hyper-responsive elite cross-country skiers and asthmatics. Respir Med. 1999b;93(10):719–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sue-Chu M, Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Chew N, Bjermer L. Airway responsiveness to methacholine (Mch), adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP), mannitol (Man), eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) and sport specific field exercise challenge (Ex) in cross country ski athletes. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(Suppl 38):410s.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue-Chu M, Brannan JD, Anderson SD, Chew N, Bjermer L. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine, adenosine 5-monophosphate, mannitol, eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea and field exercise challenge in elite cross-country skiers. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(11):827–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swystun VA, Gordon JR, Davis EB, Zhand X, Cockcroft DW. Mast cell tryptase release and asthmatic responses to allergen increase with regular use of salbutamol. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:57–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabka Z, Ben Jebria A, Vergeret J, Guenard H. Effect of dry warm air on respiratory water loss in children with exercise-induced asthma. Chest. 1988;94:81–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tahan F, Saraymen R, Gumus H. The role of lipoxin A4 in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. J Asthma. 2008;45(2):161–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan RA, Spector SL. Exercise-induced asthma: diagnosis and management. Ann Allergy. 2002;89:226–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor-Clark TE, Nassenstein C, Undem BJ. Leukotriene D4 increases the excitability of capsaicin-sensitive nasal sensory nerves to electrical and chemical stimuli. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(6):1359–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tecklenburg SL, Mickleborough TD, Fly AD, Bai Y, Stager JM. Ascorbic acid supplementation attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101(8):1770–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thio BJ, Slingerland GLM, Nagelkerke AF, Roord JJ, Mulder PGH, Dankert-Roelse JE. Effects of single-dose fluticasone on exercise-induced asthma in asthmatic children: a pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001;32:115–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tilles SA. Vocal cord dysfunction in children and adolescents. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2003;3(6):467–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Timmer W, Lecher V, Birraux G, Neuhäuser M, Hatzelmann A, Bethke T, et al. The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is efficacious in exercise-induced asthma and leads to suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-a ex vivo. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:297–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tullett WM, Tan KM, Wall RT, Patel KR. Dose-response effect of sodium cromoglycate pressurised aerosol in exercise induced asthma. Thorax. 1985;40:41–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ucok K, Dane S, Gokbel H, Akar S. Prevalence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in long distance runners trained in cold weather. Lung. 2004;182(5): 265–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen JC, Driessen JM, Kersten ET, Thio BJ. Assessment of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adolescents and young children. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2013;33(3):381–94, viii–ix

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Schoor J, Joos GF, Kips JC, Drajesk JF, Carpentier PJ, Pauwels RA. The effect of ABT-761, a novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, on exercise- and adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:875–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Veen WJ, Driessen JMM, Kersten ETG, van Leeuwen JC, Brusse-Keizer MGJ, van Aalderen WMC, et al. BMI predicts exercise induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic boys. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52(9):1130–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • VanHaitsma TA, Mickleborough T, Stager JM, Koceja DM, Lindley MR, Chapman R. Comparative effects of caffeine and albuterol on the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise in asthmatic athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(4):231–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal C, Fernández-Ovide E, Piñeiro J, Nuñez R, González-Quintela A. Budesonide or montelukast prevents exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86:655–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villaran C, O’Neill J, Helbling A, van Noord JA, Lee TH, Chuchalin AG, et al. Montelukast versus salmeterol in patients with asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104(3 Part 1):547–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilsvik J, Ankerst J, Palmqvist M, Persson G, Schaanning J, Schwabe G, et al. Protection against cold air and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction while on regular treatment with Oxis®. Respir Med. 2001;95:484–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visser R, Wind M, de Graaf B, de Jongh FH, van der Palen J, Thio BJ. Protective effect of a low single dose inhaled steroid against exercise induced bronchoconstriction. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voutilainen M, Malmberg LP, Vasankari T, Haahtela T. Exhaled nitric oxide indicates poorly athlete’s asthma. Clin Respir J. 2013;7(4):347–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasfi YS, Kemp JP, Villaran C, Massaad R, Xin W, Smugar SS, et al. Onset and duration of attenuation of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children by single-dose of montelukast. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2011;32(6):453–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler JM, Ryan EJ 3rd. Asthma in United States olympic athletes who participated in the 1998 Olympic winter games. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(2):267–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler JM, Layton T, Hunt M. Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 Summer Games. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102(5):722–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler JM, Nathan RA, Rupp NT, Kalberg CJ, Emmett A, Dorinsky PM. Effect of fluticasone/salmeterol administered via a single device on exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients with persistent asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94:65–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler JM, Bonini S, Coifman R, Craig T, Delgado L, Capao-Filipe M, et al. American academy of allergy, asthma & immunology work group report: exercise-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(6):1349–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler JM, Brannan JD, Randolph CC, Hallstrand TS, Parsons J, Silvers W, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(5):1292–5.e36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger M, Abu-Hasan M. Perceptions and pathophysiology of dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2009;56(1):33–48, ix.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiebicke W, Poynter A, Montgomery M, Chernick V, Pasterkamp H. Effect of terfenadine on the response to exercise and cold air in asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1988;4:225–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilber RL, Rundell L, Szmedra L, Jenkinson DM, Im J, Drake SD. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic Winter Sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(4):732–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams NC, Johnson MA, Hunter KA, Sharpe GR. Reproducibility of the bronchoconstrictive response to eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea. Respir Med. 2015;109(10):1262–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson BA, Bar-Or O, O’Byrne PM. The effects of indomethacin on refractoriness following exercise both with and without bronchoconstriction. Eur Respir J. 1994;12:2174–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodruff PG, Boushey HA, Dolganov GM, Barker CS, Yang YH, Donnelly S, et al. Genome-wide profiling identifies epithelial cell genes associated with asthma and with treatment response to corticosteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(40):15858–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley M, Anderson SD, Quigley B. Duration of protective effect of terbutaline sulphate and cromolyn sodium alone and in combination on exercise-induced asthma. Chest. 1990;97:39–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wraight JM, Hancox RJ, Herbison GP, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Taylor DR. Bronchodilator tolerance: the impact of increasing bronchoconstriction. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(5):810–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yates DH, Kharitonov S, Barnes PJ. An inhaled glucocorticoid does not prevent tolerance to the protective effect of a long-acting inhaled beta 2-agonist. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1603–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski J, Chodosowska E. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in patients with bronchial asthma. Its prevention with an antihistaminic agent. Respiration. 1977;34(1):31–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, NSW, Australia

    John D. Brannan

  2. Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    John M. Weiler

Authors
  1. John D. Brannan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John M. Weiler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John D. Brannan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Penn State University Milton S Hershey Med Ctr, Hershey, PA, USA

    Timothy Craig

  2. Suite 502, Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Suite 502, Tampa, FL, USA

    Dennis K. Ledford

Section Editor information

  1. Division of Allergy & Immunology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, James A Haley Veterans' Hospital, Asthma and Immunology Associates of Tampa Bay, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Dennis K. Ledford

  2. Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    Timothy Craig DO

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Brannan, J.D., Weiler, J.M. (2019). Asthma in Athletes. In: Craig, T., Ledford, D. (eds) Allergy and Asthma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_18-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_18-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58726-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation