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Controversial Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Adult Stem Cells

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Abstract

Adult or somatic stem cells are tissue-resident cells with the ability to proliferate, exhibit self-maintenance as well as to generate new cells with the principal phenotypes of the tissue in response to injury or disease. Due to their easy accessibility and their potential use in regenerative medicine, adult stem cells raise the hope for future personalisable therapies. After infection or during injury, they are exposed to broad range of pathogen or damage-associated molecules leading to changes in their proliferation, migration and differentiation. The sensing of such damage and infection signals is mostly achieved by Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) with Toll-like receptor 4 being responsible for recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge on the TLR4-mediated signalling in different adult stem cell populations. Specifically, we elaborate on the role of TLR4 and its ligands on proliferation, differentiation and migration of mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells as well as neural stem cells. Finally, we discuss conceptual and technical pitfalls in investigation of TLR4 signalling in stem cells.

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Acknowledgment

MZ and DW are supported by the DFG (Grant WI4318/2-1).

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  1. Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom

    Marie Zeuner & Darius Widera

  2. Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Karen Bieback

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  1. Marie Zeuner
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Correspondence to Darius Widera.

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Zeuner, M., Bieback, K. & Widera, D. Controversial Role of Toll-like Receptor 4 in Adult Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 11, 621–634 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-015-9589-5

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