Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seven Dietary Minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) and Their Relationship with Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids in Healthy Adults with Self-Selected Diet

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dietary intakes of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) and investigate their correlation with blood pressure and blood lipids. Targeting 258 healthy men and women, blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were collected to analyze serum lipids, and then the intakes of seven minerals were assessed through a food intake survey for 3 days using a 24-h recall method. The average age of the men and women was 49.55 and 49.19, respectively. The daily energy intake of the men was 1,830.57 kcal, which was significantly higher than that of women, 1,476.23 kcal (p < 0.001). The mineral intake of the subjects was as follows: 450.95 mg/day for Ca, 915.24 mg/day for P, 279.23 mg/day for Mg, 12.60 mg/day for Fe, 8.25 mg/day for Zn, 1.23 mg/day for Cu, and 4.22 mg/day for Mn. These accounted for 63.83, 130.76, 90.74, 129.75, 97.50, 154.49, and 113.50 % of adequate intake or the recommended intake of each mineral, respectively. Subjects who did not satisfy the estimated average requirement were 74.00 % for Ca, 63.18 % for Mg, and 41.86 % for Zn. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and energy intake, Mg intake had a negative correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP), and Cu intake had a significant negative correlation with SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Also, Mn intake was negatively correlated with DBP, serum total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Thus, it is concluded that the dietary intakes of Mg, Cu, and Mn may play an important role in controlling blood pressure and lipids in Korean adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Stathopoulou MG, Kanoni S, Papanikolaou G, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T, Dedoussis G (2012) Mineral intake. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 108:201–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Viñas BR, Barba LR, Ngo J, Gurinovic M, Novakovic R, Cavelaars A, de Groot LC, van’t Veer P, Matthys C, Majem LS (2011) Projected prevalence of inadequate Nutrient intakes in Europe. Ann Nutr Metab 59:84–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee (2011) Heart disease and stroke Statistics—2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:e18–e209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK, He J (2005) Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 365:217–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Marchioli R (1999) Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of cardiovascular disease: laboratory, epidemiological and clinical trial data. Pharmacol Res 40:227–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Adams AK, Wermuth EO, Mcbride PE (1999) Antioxidant vitamins and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am Fam Physician 60:895–904

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McDermott JH (2000) Antioxidant nutrients: current dietary recommendations and research update. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 40:785–799

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bukkens SG, de Vos N, Kok FJ, Schouten EG, de Bruijn AM, Hofman A (1990) Selenium status and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy Dutch subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 9:128–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Larsson SC, Virtamo J, Wolk A (2011) Potassium, calcium, and magnesium intakes and risk of stroke in women. Am J Epidemiol 174:35–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lee JS, Park J, Kim J (2011) Dietary factors related to hypertension risk in Korean adults—data from the Korean national health and nutrition examination survey III. Nutr Res Pract 5:60–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cunha AR, Umbelino B, Correia ML, Neves MF (2012) Magnesium and vascular changes in hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2012:754250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Appleton GV, Owen RW, Williamson RC (1992) The effect of dietary calcium supplementation on intestinal lipid metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42:383–387

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Singh RB, Gupta UC, Mittal N, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Rastogi V (1997) Epidemiologic study of trace elements and magnesium on risk of coronary artery disease in rural and urban Indian populations. J Am Coll Nutr 16:62–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Vlad M, Caseanu E, Uza G, Petrescu M (1994) Concentration of copper, zinc, chromium, iron, and nickel in the abdominal aorta of patients deceased with coronary heart disease. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 8:111–114

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Klotz LO, Kröncke KD, Buchczyk DP, Sies H (2003) Role of copper, zinc, selenium, and tellurium in the cellular defense against oxidative and nitrosative stress. J Nutr 133:1448S–1451S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Klimis-Tavantzis DJ, Leach RM Jr, Kris-Etherton PM (1983) The effect of dietary manganese deficiency on cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the Wistar rat and in the genetically hypercholesterolemic RICO rat. J Nutr 113:328–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Davis CD, Ney DM, Greger JL (1990) Manganese, iron, and lipid interactions in rats. J Nutr 120:507–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Choi MK, Kim EY (2007) Analysis of manganese content in frequently consumed foods by Koreans. Korean J Nutr 40:769–778

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Choi MK, Kang MH, Kim MH (2009) The analysis of copper, selenium, and molybdenum contents in frequently consumed foods and an estimation of their daily intake in Korean adults. Biol Trace Elem Res 128:104–117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Administration RD (2006) Food composition tables, 7th edn. Hyoil, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  21. Warnick GR, Benderson J, Albers JJ (1982) Dextran sulfate-Mg2+ precipitation procedure for quantitation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Clin Chem 28:1379–1388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499–502

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) National health statistics. Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  24. Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland L (2005) What we eat in America—NHANES 2001–2002: usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary references intake. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  25. Health Canada, Statistics Canada (2009) Canadian community health survey—cycle 2.2, nutrition (2004): nutrient intakes from food—provincial, regional, and national data. Health Canada, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  26. Calvo MS (1993) Dietary phosphorus, calcium metabolism, and bone. J Nutr 123:1627–1633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kemi VE, Kärkkäinen MU, Rita HJ, Laaksonen MM, Outila TA, Lamberg-Allardt CJ (2010) Low calcium/phosphorus ratio in habitual diets affects serum parathyroid hormone concentration and calcium metabolism in healthy women with adequate calcium intake. Br J Nutr 103:561–568

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ (1999) The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure: an updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Hypertens 2:84–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Nielsen FH, Milne DB, Klevay LM, Gallagher S, Johnson L (2007) Dietary magnesium deficiency induces heart rhythm changes, impairs glucose tolerance, and decreases serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 26:121–132

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Harsha DW, Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Svetkey LP, Lin PH, Bray GA, Aickin M, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Appel LJ (2004) Effect of dietary sodium intake on blood lipids: results from the dash-sodium trial. Hypertension 43:393–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhao Q, Gu D, Chen J, Bazzano LA, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Jaquish CE, Cao J, Chen J, Li J, Rice T, He J (2009) Correlation between blood pressure responses to dietary sodium and potassium intervention in a Chinese population. Am J Hypertens 22:1281–1286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hajjar I, Kotchen T (2003) Regional variations of blood pressure in the United States are associated with regional variations in dietary intakes: the NHANES-III data. J Nutr 133:211–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Suliburska J, Bogdański P, Pupek-Musialik D, Krejpcio Z (2011) Dietary intake and serum and hair concentrations of minerals and their relationship with serum lipids and glucose levels in hypertensive and obese patients with insulin resistance. Biol Trace Elem Res 139:137–150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Iseri LT, French JH (1984) Magnesium: nature’s physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J 108:188–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Touyz RM, Milne FJ (1999) Magnesium supplementation attenuates, but does not prevent, development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 12:757–765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A (2007) 2007 ESH-ESC practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: ESH-ESC task force on the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 25:1751–1762

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Houston MC, Harper KJ (2008) Potassium, magnesium, and calcium: their role in both the cause and treatment of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 10:3–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Klevay LM, Milne DB (2002) Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy. Am J Clin Nutr 75(3):550–554

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. The Korean Nutrition Society (2010) Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Hanarum Publishers, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  40. Medeiros DM, Bagby D, Ovecka G, McCormick R (1991) Myofibrillar, mitochondrial, and valvular morphological alterations in cardiac hypertrophy among copper-deficient rats. J Nutr 121:815–824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bureau I, Lewis CG, Fields M (1998) Effect of hepatic iron on hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglycemia in copper deficient, fructose fed rats. Nutrition 14:366–371

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Klevay LM, Halas ES (1991) The effects of dietary copper deficiency and psychological stress on blood pressure in rats. Physiol Behav 49:309–314

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bae YJ, Choi MK, Kim MH (2011) Manganese supplementation reduces the blood cholesterol levels in Ca-deficient ovariectomized rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 141:224–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee BK, Kim Y (2011) Relationship between blood manganese and blood pressure in the Korean general population according to KNHANES 2008. Environ Res 111:797–803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the research grant of the Kongju National University in 2011.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, Gangwon, 245-905, South Korea

    Mi-Hyun Kim

  2. Division of Food Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, 340-702, South Korea

    Mi-Kyeong Choi

Authors
  1. Mi-Hyun Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mi-Kyeong Choi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mi-Kyeong Choi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kim, MH., Choi, MK. Seven Dietary Minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) and Their Relationship with Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids in Healthy Adults with Self-Selected Diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 153, 69–75 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9656-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9656-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation