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Phytotoxicity Optimization of Fungal Metabolites Produced by Solid and Submerged Fermentation and its Ecotoxicological Effects

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Abstract

Research and commercial production of bioherbicides occur to a lesser extent compared to bioinsecticides and biofungicides. In order to contribute to developing new bioherbicides with low environmental impact, this study aimed to increase the phytotoxicity of metabolites of the fungus Mycoleptodiscus indicus UFSM 54 by optimizing solid and submerged fermentation and evaluate the ecotoxicological effects on earthworms (Eisenia andrei). The Plackett–Burman and central composite rotatable designs were used to optimize metabolite phytotoxicity. The variables optimized in the fermentation were temperature, agitation, pH, water volume in the culture medium, glucose concentration, and yeast extract. The fungus was grown on sugarcane bagasse substrate, and its metabolites were applied to detached Cucumis sativus, Conyza sp., and Sorghum bicolor leaves and used in an avoidance test and acute exposure to earthworms. Metabolite phytotoxicity in submerged fermentation was optimized at 35 °C, 50 rpm, and 1.5 g l−1 of glucose and in solid fermentation at 30–37 °C and in 14–32 ml of water. The metabolites severely damaged germination, initial growth, and leaves of the three plants, and at the doses tested (maximum of 113.92 ml kg−1), the metabolites of M. indicus UFSM 54 were not toxic to earthworms.

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Availability of data and material

Availability of data and materials: The strain Mycoleptodiscus indicus UFSM 54 was preserved in Laboratory of Soil Biology at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq); the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES), Finance Code 001; for scholarships and funding support. We also thank the members of the Laboratory of Soil Biology at the Federal University of Santa Maria for their involvement in this study.

Funding

This study was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq); the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES), Finance Code 001.

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  1. Department of Soils, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97.105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Valéria Ortaça Portela, Zaida Inês Antoniolli & Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques

  2. Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil, 97.105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

    Natielo Almeida Santana, Michele Lusa Balbinot & Andressa de Oliveira Silveira

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Portela, V.O., Santana, N.A., Balbinot, M.L. et al. Phytotoxicity Optimization of Fungal Metabolites Produced by Solid and Submerged Fermentation and its Ecotoxicological Effects. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 2980–3000 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03884-x

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