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Consolidated Conversion of Hulled Barley into Fermentable Sugars Using Chemical, Thermal, and Enzymatic (CTE) Treatment

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Abstract

A novel process using chemical, thermal, and enzymatic treatment for conversion of hulled barley into fermentable sugars was developed. The purpose of this process is to convert both lignocellulosic polysaccharides and starch in hulled barley grains into fermentable sugars simultaneously without a need for grinding and hull separation. In this study, hulled barley grains were treated with 0.1 and 1.0 wt.-% sulfuric acid at various temperatures ranging from 110 to 170 °C in a 63-ml flow-through packed-bed stainless steel reactor. After sulfuric acid pretreatment, simultaneous conversion of lignocellulose and starch in the barley grains into fermentable sugars was performed using an enzyme cocktail, which included α-amylase, glucoamylase, cellulase, and β-glucosidase. Both starch and non-starch polysaccharides in the pre-treated barley grains were readily converted to fermentable sugars. The treated hulled barley grains, including their hull, were completely hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars with recovery of almost 100% of the available glucose and xylose. The pretreatment conditions of this chemical, thermal, and enzymatic (CTE) process for achieving maximum yield of fermentable sugars were 1.0 wt.% sulfuric acid and 110 °C. In addition to starch, the acid pretreatment also retained most of the available proteins in solid form, which is essential for subsequent production of fuel ethanol and high protein distiller’s dried grains with solubles co-product.

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Abbreviations

Hulled barley:

Barley kernels which retain their hulls during harvesting and storage

De-hulled barley:

Hulled barley kernels that had their hulls removed by a physical method such as abrasion or another de-hulling technology

Hull-less barley:

A type of barley containing a genetic hull-less trait. The barley hulls are loosely attached and are lost during the harvesting process

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Acknowledgment

This research was conducted as a part of a research project with ARS/USDA (CRIS no. 1935-41000-072-00D) and under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with ADM Research (Decatur, IL, USA) (CRADA no. 58-3K95-4-1050). We greatly acknowledge ADM for their research support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, 3101 NSRIC, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Tae Hyun Kim

  2. Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, 3101 NSRIC, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Tae Hyun Kim

  3. Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA

    Nhuan P. Nghiem, Frank Taylor & Kevin B. Hicks

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  1. Tae Hyun Kim
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  2. Nhuan P. Nghiem
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Correspondence to Tae Hyun Kim.

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Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.

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Kim, T.H., Nghiem, N.P., Taylor, F. et al. Consolidated Conversion of Hulled Barley into Fermentable Sugars Using Chemical, Thermal, and Enzymatic (CTE) Treatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164, 534–545 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-010-9155-1

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