Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prostatitis’ epidemiology of inflammation

  • Published:
Current Urology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Approximately 8 million prostatitis-related outpatient visits per year have been reported worldwide. Only a small percentage presents with bacterial prostatitis. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome/prostatodynia is a frustrating disease for patients and caregivers. This paper is an attempt to analyze causes and types of inflammation and to determine if inflammation may have an impact on treatment and outcome. Is inflammation even a relevant factor in the diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome? Do we need to begin to look for different factors involved in the development of this often crippling disease?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Berger FR, Foster HF, Kaufman DM, et al.: New perspectives on chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: a CME program. Suppl Urol Times 2005, 1–6.

  2. Clemens JQ, Meenan RT, Rosetti MC, et al.: Prevalence and incidence of interstitial cystitis in a managed care population. J Urol 2005, 173:98–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Pontari MA: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in elderly men: toward better understanding and treatment. Drugs Aging 2003, 20:1111–1125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Krieger JN, Nyberg L Jr, Nickel JC: NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999, 282:236–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Inflammation, repair, and cellular growth. http:/www.uvm.edu/ jkessler/PATH301/301infla.htm#anchor3982959). Accessed May 14, 2005.

  6. Krause M. Pain and inflammation: a neurophysiologic and clinical reasoning approach to dosage and manual therapy. http://www.back-in-business-physiotherapy.com.au/ pain_and_inflammation.htm. Accessed May 14, 2005.

  7. Inflammation and its role in disease http://www.compassionateacupuncture. com/. Accessed May 14, 2005.

  8. Bennett M. Inflammation and immune Response. http:// web.instate.edu/nurs/mary/PATHOPHY.htm). Accessed May 14, 2005.

  9. Tutorial http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC419/ Tutorial/cytokines.html). Accessed May 14, 2005.

  10. Richardson JD, Vasko MR: Cellular mechanisms of neurogenic inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002, 302:839–845. This article is helpful in understanding what happens during neurogenic inflammation. The ability to regulate excitability of the sensory neurons in the future may have important therapeutic consequences.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bayliss WM: On the origin from the spinal cord of the vasodilator fibres of the hind-limb and on the nature of these fibres. J Physiol (Lond) 1901, 26:173–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Meggs WJ: Neurogenic inflammation and sensitivity to environmental chemicals. Environ Health Perspect 1993, 101:234–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Maggi CA, Santicioli P, Del Bianco E, et al.: Evidence for the involvement of bradykinin in chemically evoked cystitis in anaesthetized rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1993, 347:432–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hu SJ, Zhu J: [The facilitatory effect of sympathetic efferents on sustained discharges of polymodal nociceptors]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1989, 41:592–596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Levine JD, Taiwo YO, Collins SD, Tam JK: Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated through interaction with sympathetic postganglionic neurone terminals rather than activation of primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 1986, 323:158–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Esch T, Stefano GB: Proinflammation: a common denominator or initiator of different pathophysiological disease processes. Med Sci Monit 2002, 8:HY1-HY9. This article explains the connection between the nervous system and the immune system. Stress influences the immune system. Proinflammation has been associated with stress (patho)physiology and may be connected with various stress-related and non-stress-related diseases.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mellors RC: Immunopathology. Autoimmunity and Immune Complex Diseases. http:/edcenter.med.cornell.edu/CUMC_PathNotes/ Immunopathology/Immuno_03.html. Accessed May 14, 2005.

  18. Eskandari F, Webster JI, Sternberg EM: Neural immune pathways and their connection to inflammatory diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2003, 5:252–265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Guiteras R: Urology: The Disease of the Urinary Tract in Men and Women. A Book for Practitioners and Students. New York: D. Appleton and Co.; 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lee JC, Muller CH, Rothman I, et al.: Prostate biopsy culture findings of men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome do not differ from those of healthy controls. J Urol 2003, 169:584–588. This article describes how there is no difference in cultures of prostate biopsies between men with and without chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Isolated prostate bacteria do not seem to be of etiologic meaning in the development of chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Schneider H, Ludwig M, Hossain HM, et al.: The Giessen Cohort Study on patients with prostatitis syndrome: an evaluation of inflammatory status and search for microorganisms 10 years after a first analysis. Andrologia 2003, 35:258–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Krieger JN, Riley DE: Chronic prostatitis: Charlottesville to Seattle. J Urol 2004, 172:2557–2560.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Prostatitis. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic488.htm). Accessed May 14, 2005.

  24. Krieger JN: Classification, epidemiology, and implications of chronic prostatitis in North America, Europe, and Asia. Minerva Urol Nefrol 2004, 56:99–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shoskes DA, Albakri Q, Thomas K, Cook D: Cytokine polymorphisms in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: association with diagnosis and treatment response. J Urol 2002, 168:331–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lo WF, Woods AS, DeCloux A, et al.: Molecular mimicry mediated by MHC class Ib molecules after infection with gram-negative pathogens. Nat Med 2000, 6:215–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Alexander RB, Brady F, Ponniah S: Autoimmune prostatitis: evidence of T-cell reactivity with normal prostatic proteins. Urology 1997, 50:893–899.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dunphy EJ, Eickhoff JC, Muller CH, et al.: Identification of antigen-specific IgG in sera from patients with chronic prostatitis. J Clin Immunol 2004, 24:492–502.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. John H, Maake C, Barghorn A, et al.: Immunological alterations in the ejaculate of chronic prostatitis patients: clues for autoimmunity. Andrologia 2003, 35:294–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. de Groat WC, Yoshimura N: Increased excitability of afferent neurons innervating rat urinary bladder after chronic bladder inflammation. J Neurosci 1999, 19:4644–4653.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Doggweiler R, Jasmin L, Schmidt RA: Neurogenically mediated cystitis in rats: an animal model. J Urol 1998, 160:1551–1556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bjorling DE, Beckman M, Saban R: Neurogenic inflammation of the bladder. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003, 539:551–583.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schaeffer AJ: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the US National Institutes of Health: NIDDKsponsored chronic prostatitis collaborative research network (CPCRN): 5-year data and treatment guidelines for bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004, 24(suppl 1):S49-S52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Antolak SJ Jr, Hough DM, Pawlina W, Spinner RJ: Anatomical basis of chronic pelvic pain syndrome: the ischial spine and pudendal nerve entrapment. Med Hypotheses 2002, 59:349–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Miller LJ, Fischer KA, Goralnick SJ, et al.: Nerve growth factor and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology 2002, 59:603–608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Potts JM: Chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a non-prostatocentric perspective. World J Urol 2003, 21:54–56. This article reviews different possible etiologies of chronic pelvic pain syndrome outside of the prostate. Special attention is paid to the possibility of chronic pelvic pain syndrome as a result of myofascial pain and dysfunction.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Potts JM: Diagnosing the prostatitis patient: the dilemma continues. Curr Urol Rep 2002, 3:319–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Doggweiler-Wiygul R: Urologic myofascial pain syndromes. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2004, 8:445–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Doggweiler-Wiygul R, Wiygul JP: Interstitial cystitis, pelvic pain, and the relationship to myofascial pain and dysfunction: a report on four patients. World J Urol 2002, 20:310–314.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Berghuis JP, Heiman JR, Rothman I, Berger RE: Psychological and physical factors involved in chronic idiopathic prostatitis. J Psychosom Res 1996, 41:313–325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pontari MA, Ruggieri MR: Mechanisms in prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2004, 172:839–845. This article reviews different etiologic factors that may be implicated in the development of chronic pelvic pain syndrome and outlines the importance of keeping an open mind.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Paulis G, Conti E, Voliani S, et al.: Evaluation of the cytokines in genital secretions of patients with chronic prostatitis. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2003, 75:179–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Arnstein PM: The neuroplastic phenomenon: a physiologic link between chronic pain and learning. J Neurosci Nurs 1997, 29:179–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Tennessee, Memphis, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 853 Jefferson Avenue, 38103, Memphis, TN, USA

    Regula Doggweiler Wiygul MD

Authors
  1. Regula Doggweiler Wiygul MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wiygul, R.D. Prostatitis’ epidemiology of inflammation. Curr Urol Rep 6, 282–289 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-005-0025-2

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-005-0025-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation