Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Herpes Diagnostic Tests and Their Use

  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (L Bachmann, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Infectious Disease Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Genital Herpes is common, causes a broad spectrum of clinical disease, and enhances susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Accurate diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus infection is important in surveillance, diagnosis and management, screening, and quality assurance. We have reviewed currently available herpes diagnostics and their appropriate use.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. •• Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among persons aged 14–49 years—United States, 2005–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:456–9. This article provides current estimates of the prevalence of HSV-2 in the United States. It demonstrates that HSV-2 seroprovalence has decreased slightly although not signficantly over time. It further characterizes those populations at greatest risk of having HSV-2.

  2. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1439–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wauters O, Lebas E, Nikkels AF. Chronic mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010.

  4. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Gilden DH. The expanding spectrum of herpesvirus infections of the nervous system. Brain Pathol. 2001;11:440–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Corey L, Wald A, et al. Genital Herpes. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P, editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, Corey L, Wald A. Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:174–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gupta R, Warren T, Wald A. Genital herpes. Lancet. 2007;370:2127–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Horowitz R, Aierstuck S, Williams EA, Melby B. Herpes simplex virus infection in a university health population: clinical manifestations, epidemiology, and implications. J Am Coll Health. 2010;59:69–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Vuorinen T. Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infections among patients diagnosed with genital herpes in a Finnish sexually transmitted disease clinic, 1994–2002. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:37–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ribes JA, Steele AD, Seabolt JP, Baker DJ. Six-year study of the incidence of herpes in genital and nongenital cultures in a central Kentucky medical center patient population. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:3321–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tran T, Druce JD, Catton MC, Kelly H, Birch CJ. Changing epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in Melbourne, Australia, between 1980 and 2003. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:277–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Merin A, Pachankis JE. The psychological impact of genital herpes stigma. J Health Psychol. 2011;16:80–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357:1149–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhu J, Hladik F, Woodward A, et al. Persistence of HIV-1 receptor-positive cells after HSV-2 reactivation is a potential mechanism for increased HIV-1 acquisition. Nat Med. 2009;15:886–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhu J, Koelle DM, Cao J, et al. Virus-specific CD8+ T cells accumulate near sensory nerve endings in genital skin during subclinical HSV-2 reactivation. J Exp Med. 2007;204:595–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Langenberg AG, Corey L, Ashley RL, Leong WP, Straus SE. A prospective study of new infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. Chiron HSV Vaccine Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1432–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. •• Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59:1–110. Provides current recommendations for GH testing and treatment.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1105–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, et al. Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States. JAMA. 2006;296:964–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pouget ER, Kershaw TS, Blankenship KM, Ickovics JR, Niccolai LM. Racial/ethnic disparities in undiagnosed infection with herpes simplex virus type 2. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:538–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pratt LA, Xu F, McQuillan GM, Robitz R. The association of depression, risky sexual behaviours and herpes simplex virus type 2 in adults in NHANES, 2005–2008. Sex Transm Infect. 2011.

  22. Xu F, Sternberg MR, Markowitz LE. Men who have sex with men in the United States: demographic and behavioral characteristics and prevalence of HIV and HSV-2 infection: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:399–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Eddy DM. How to think about screening. In: Eddy DM, editor. Common screening tests. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rooney JF, Felser JM, Ostrove JM, Straus SE. Acquisition of genital herpes from an asymptomatic sexual partner. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1561–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mertz GJ, Benedetti J, Ashley R, Selke SA, Corey L. Risk factors for the sexual transmission of genital herpes. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116:197–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Herpes Resource Center. 2011. (Accessed 2011, at www.ashastd.org/std-sti-works/herpes.html.)

  27. Fife KH, Van Der Pol B, Roth AM, et al. Implementation of routine access to herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody testing in a public health sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:724–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. • Warren T, Gilbert L, Mark H. Availability of serologic and virologic testing for herpes simplex virus in the largest sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:267–9. This articles suggests that although GH testing is recommended as discussed in this review, the majority of clinics screening clients of STI’s do not have access to virologic or serologic screening tests.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Corey L, Wald A, et al. Genital Herpes. In: Holmes KK, Sparling PF, Mardh P, editors. Sexually transmitted diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Leone P. Genital Herpes. In: JD Klausner and EW Hook, editors. Current Diagnosis and Treatment: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. McGraw-Hill Co. Inc; 2007.

  31. Roizman B, Knipe KD, Whitley RJ. The replication of Herpes Simplex viruses. In: Knipe DM, Howley P, Griffin DE, Lamb RA, Martin MA, Roizman B, Straus SE, editors. Fields’ virology. 5th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:336–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lautenschlager S, Eichmann A. The heterogeneous clinical spectrum of genital herpes. Dermatology. 2001;202:211–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fleming DT, Leone P, Esposito D, et al. Herpes virus type 2 infection and genital symptoms in primary care patients. Sex Transm Dis. 2006;33:416–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mosunjac M, Park J, Wang W, et al. Genital and perianal herpes simplex simulating neoplasia in patients with AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23:153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55:1–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Strick LB, Wald A. Diagnostics for herpes simplex virus: is PCR the new gold standard? Mol Diagn Ther. 2006;10:17–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Corey L, Adams HG, Brown ZA, Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: clinical manifestations, course, and complications. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:958–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wald A, Huang ML, Carrell D, Selke S, Corey L. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1345–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Turchek BM, Huang YT. Evaluation of ELVIS HSV ID/Typing System for the detection and typing of herpes simplex virus from clinical specimens. J Clin Virol. 1999;12:65–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ratnam S, Severini A, Zahariadis G, Petric M, Romanowski B. The diagnosis of genital herpes - beyond culture: an evidence-based guide for the utilization of polymerase chain reaction and herpes simplex virus type-specific serology. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2007;18:233–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cone RW, Hobson AC, Palmer J, Remington M, Corey L. Extended duration of herpes simplex virus DNA in genital lesions detected by the polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 1991;164:757–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Coyle PV, O’Neill HJ, McCaughey C, Wyatt DE, McBride MO. Clinical utility of a nested nucleic acid amplification format in comparison to viral culture for the diagnosis of mucosal herpes simplex infection in a genitourinary medicine setting. BMC Infect Dis. 2001;1:11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Jerome KR, Huang ML, Wald A, Selke S, Corey L. Quantitative stability of DNA after extended storage of clinical specimens as determined by real-time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:2609–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. FDA approved nucleic acid amplification techniques. (Accessed 2011, at www.amp.org/FDATable/FDATable.doc.)

  46. Scott LJ, Gunson RN, Carman WF, Winter AJ. A new multiplex real-time PCR test for HSV1/2 and syphilis: an evaluation of its impact in the laboratory and clinical setting. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86:537–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Suntoke TR, Hardick A, Tobian AA, et al. Evaluation of multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in the Rakai District, Uganda. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85:97–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Strick L, Wald A. Type-specific testing for herpes simplex virus. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2004;4:443–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ashley RaC L. Herpes simplex viruses and B virus. 6th ed. Wahsington D.C: American Public Health Association; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ashley RL, Militoni J, Lee F, Nahmias A, Corey L. Comparison of Western blot (immunoblot) and glycoprotein G-specific immunodot enzyme assay for detecting antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in human sera. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:662–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Groen J, Van Dijk G, Niesters HG, Van Der Meijden WI, Osterhaus AD. Comparison of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and one rapid immunoblot assay for detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific antibodies in serum. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:845–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Turner KR, Wong EH, Kent CK, Klausner JD. Serologic herpes testing in the real world: validation of new type-specific serologic herpes simplex virus tests in a public health laboratory. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:422–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Wald A, Ashley-Morrow R. Serological testing for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:S173–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. • Biraro S, Mayaud P, Morrow RA, Grosskurth H, Weiss HA. Performance of commercial herpes simplex virus type-2 antibody tests using serum samples from sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2010. This meta-analysis provides an excellent discussion of the performance of serologic tests in Sub-Saharan Africa. It compares HereSelect and the Kalon assays to western blot. If provides a discussion of how the use of different ELISA index values as the cutoff for a positive test affect test performance.

  55. Morrow RA, Brown ZA. Common use of inaccurate antibody assays to identify infection status with herpes simplex virus type 2. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:361–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Prince HE, Ernst CE, Hogrefe WR. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay system for measuring herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1-specific and HSV type 2-specific IgG antibodies. J Clin Lab Anal. 2000;14:13–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Morrow RA, Friedrich D, Krantz E. Performance of the focus and Kalon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein G in culture-documented cases of genital herpes. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:5212–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ashley RL, Wu L, Pickering JW, Tu MC, Schnorenberg L. Premarket evaluation of a commercial glycoprotein G-based enzyme immunoassay for herpes simplex virus type-specific antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:294–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Eis-Hubinger AM, Daumer M, Matz B, Schneweis KE. Evaluation of three glycoprotein G2-based enzyme immunoassays for detection of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 in human sera. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1242–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Golden MR, Ashley-Morrow R, Swenson P, Hogrefe WR, Handsfield HH, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Western blot confirmatory testing among men testing positive for HSV-2 using the focus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32:771–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Mark HD, Nanda JP, Roberts J, Rompalo A, Melendez JH, Zenilman J. Performance of focus ELISA tests for HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies among university students with no history of genital herpes. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:681–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Summerton J, Riedesel M, Laeyendecker O, et al. Effect of sexually transmitted disease (STD) coinfections on performance of three commercially available immunosorbent assays used for detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific antibody in men attending Baltimore, Maryland, STD clinics. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14:1545–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Ashley-Morrow R, Nollkamper J, Robinson NJ, Bishop N, Smith J. Performance of focus ELISA tests for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 antibodies among women in ten diverse geographical locations. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:530–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hogrefe W, Su X, Song J, Ashley R, Kong L. Detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in African sera by using recombinant gG2, Western blotting, and gG2 inhibition. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3635–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. HerpeSeect 2 ELISA IgG package insert (Accessed 2011, at http://www.focusdx.com/pdfs/pi/US/EL0920G.pdf.

  66. Greer L, Wendel Jr GD. Rapid diagnostic methods in sexually transmitted infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:601–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ashley RL, Eagleton M, Pfeiffer N. Ability of a rapid serology test to detect seroconversion to herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein G soon after infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1632–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Morrow RA, Friedrich D, Meier A, Corey L. Use of “biokit HSV-2 Rapid Assay” to improve the positive predictive value of Focus HerpeSelect HSV-2 ELISA. BMC Infect Dis. 2005;5:84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Douglas Jr JM, Berman SM. Screening for HSV-2 infection in STD clinics and beyond: a few answers but more questions. Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:729–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Hook EW, Leone P. Time to translate new knowledge into practice: a call for a national genital herpes control program. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:6–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Van de Perre P, Segondy M, Foulongne V, et al. Herpes simplex virus and HIV-1: deciphering viral synergy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:490–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Modjarrad K, Vermund SH. Effect of treating co-infections on HIV-1 viral load: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:455–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Glynn JR, Biraro S, Weiss HA. Herpes simplex virus type 2: a key role in HIV incidence. AIDS. 2009;23:1595–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Mark KE, Wald A, Magaret AS, et al. Rapidly cleared episodes of oral and anogenital herpes simplex virus shedding in HIV-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54:482–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Schacker T, Zeh J, Hu HL, Hill E, Corey L. Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1616–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Bollen LJ, Whitehead SJ, Mock PA, et al. Maternal herpes simplex virus type 2 coinfection increases the risk of perinatal HIV transmission: possibility to further decrease transmission? AIDS. 2008;22:1169–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Nagot N, Ouedraogo A, Foulongne V, et al. Reduction of HIV-1 RNA levels with therapy to suppress herpes simplex virus. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:790–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Whitley RJ. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. J Med Virol 1993;Suppl 1:13–21.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Riley LE. Herpes simplex virus. Semin Perinatol. 1998;22:284–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Whitley RJ, Corey L, Arvin A, et al. Changing presentation of herpes simplex virus infection in neonates. J Infect Dis. 1988;158:109–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Brown ZA, Selke S, Zeh J, et al. The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:509–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Brown ZA, Wald A, Morrow RA, Selke S, Zeh J, Corey L. Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant. JAMA. 2003;289:203–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Prober CG, Sullender WM, Yasukawa LL, Au DS, Yeager AS, Arvin AM. Low risk of herpes simplex virus infections in neonates exposed to the virus at the time of vaginal delivery to mothers with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:240–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Wald A, Krantz E, Selke S, Lairson E, Morrow RA, Zeh J. Knowledge of partners’ genital herpes protects against herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:42–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Celum C, Wald A, Hughes J, et al. Effect of aciclovir on HIV-1 acquisition in herpes simplex virus 2 seropositive women and men who have sex with men: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:2109–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Celum C, Wald A, Lingappa JR, et al. Acyclovir and transmission of HIV-1 from persons infected with HIV-1 and HSV-2. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:427–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Watson-Jones D, Weiss HA, Rusizoka M, et al. Effect of herpes simplex suppression on incidence of HIV among women in Tanzania. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1560–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. • Barnabas RV, Wasserheit JN, Huang Y, et al. Impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 on HIV-1 acquisition and progression in an HIV vaccine trial (the Step study). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57:238–44. The study provides evidence that HSV-2 infection increases risk of HIV acquisition. However, coinfection with HIV and HSV-2 does not lead to more rapid HIV progressions as determined by time to ART initiation.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Ioannidis JP, Collier AC, Cooper DA, et al. Clinical efficacy of high-dose acyclovir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis of randomized individual patient data. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:349–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. • Lingappa JR, Baeten JM, Wald A, et al. Daily acyclovir for HIV-1 disease progression in people dually infected with HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:824–33. This RCT demonstrated a modest reduction in HIV progression as determined by a falling CD4 count in HIV and HSV-2 infected persons taking high dose acyclovir.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure

Dr. N. J. Van Wagoner received grant funding from GSK; Dr. E.W. Hook reported no potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas J. Van Wagoner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Van Wagoner, N.J., Hook, E.W. Herpes Diagnostic Tests and Their Use. Curr Infect Dis Rep 14, 175–184 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0241-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0241-0

Keywords

Navigation