Skip to main content
Log in

Moving towards a feminist epistemology of mathematics

  • Reprinted article
  • Published:
ZDM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is, now, an extensive critical literature on gender and the nature of science, three aspects of which, philosophy, pedagogy and epistemology, seem to be pertinent to a discussion of gender and mathematics. Although untangling the inter-relationships between these three is no simple matter, they make effective starting points in order to ask similar questions of mathematics to those asked by our colleagues in science. In the process of asking such questions, a major difference between the empirical approach of the sciences, and the analytic nature of mathematics, is exposed and leads towards the definition of a new epistemological position in mathematics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Bloor, D. (1976, 1991). Knowledge and Social Imagery, 2nd ed. London: University of Chicago Press.

  • Boaler, J. (1993). Encouraging the transfer of ‘school’ mathematics to the ‘real world’ through the integration of process and content, context and culture. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 25(4), 341–373. doi:10.1007/BF01273906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. (1994). The humanly and interpretively possible. New Orleans: Plenary address given to the AERA Annual Meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, L. (Ed.). (1986). Girls into maths can go. London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, L. (1990a). Gender and mathematics: An international perspective. London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, L. (1990b). Passing through the mathematical critical filter–implications for students, courses and institutions. Journal of Access Studies, 5(1), 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. New York: Fawcett Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Confrey, J. (1990). What Constructivism Implies for Teaching. In R.B. Davis, C.A. Maher & Nel Noddings (Eds.) Constructivist view on the teaching and learning of mathematics, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Monograph No. 4. Reston: NCTM.

  • Damarin, S. (1991). Rethinking science and mathematics curriculum and instruction: feminist perspectives in the computer era. Journal of Education, 173(1), 107–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, E., & Hersh, R. (1983). The mathematical experience. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R.B., Maher, C.A., & Noddings, N. (Eds.). (1990). Constructivist Views on the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Monograph No. 4. Reston: NCTM.

  • Department of Education and Science. (1989). Mathematics in the national curriculum. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easlea, B. (1983). Fathering the unthinkable: Masculinity scientists and the nuclear arms race. London: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernest, P. (1991). The philosophy of mathematics education. Basingstoke: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fee, E. (1981). A feminist critique of scientific objectivity. Science for the People, 14, 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennema, E., & Leder, G. (1990). Mathematics and gender. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flato, M. (1992). The power of mathematics. London: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forgasz, H. (1994). Society and gender equity in mathematics education. Geelong: Deakin University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fossey, D. (1983). Gorillas in the mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadamer, H.-G. (1975). Truth and method. New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, J. (1971). In the shadow of man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopen, G. D., & Smith, D. A. (1990). What’s an assignment like you doing in a course like this? writing to learn mathematics. The College Mathematics Journal, 21(1), 2–19. doi:10.2307/2686716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadamard, J. (1945). The psychology of invention in the mathematical field. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (1986). The science question in feminism. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, S. (1991). Whose science? Whose knowledge? Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hekman, S. (1990). Gender and knowledge––elements of a postmodern feminism. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, P. H. (1965). Liberal Education and the Nature of Knowledge. In R. D. Archambault (Ed.), Philosophical analysis and education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, P. H. (1974). Knowledge and the curriculum. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. B. (1986). Empathy, polyandry, and the myth of the coy female. In R. Bleier (Ed.), Feminist approaches to science. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, R. (1985). The language gap. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, G. G. (1993). A rationale for a multicultural approach to mathematics. In D. Nelson, G. G. Joseph & J. Williams (Eds.), Multicultural mathematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, G. G. (1991). The crest of the peacock. London: Tauris & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1983). A feeling for the organism: the life and work of Barbara McClintock. New York: W.H Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on gender and science. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A. (Ed.). (1987). Science for girls? Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A. V. (1986). Knowledge and curriculum planning. London: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I. (1976). Proofs and refutations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I. (1983). Mathematics. Cambridge: Science and Epistemology, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leder, G., & Sampson, S.N. (Eds.). (1989). Educating girls. Sydney: Allen & Unwin

  • Mulkay, M. (1981). Preface. In A. Brannigan (Ed.), The social basis of scientific discoveries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Needham, J. (1959). Science and civilisation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D., Joseph, G. G., & Williams, J. (1993). Multicultural mathematics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickson, M. (1992). Towards a multi-cultural mathematics curriculum. In M. Nickson & S. Lerman (Eds.), The social context of mathematics education: theory and practice. London: South Bank Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penrose, R. (1990). The emperor’s new mind. London: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, M., & Prosch, H. (1975) Meaning. London: University of Chicago Press

  • Restivo, S. (1992). Mathematics in society and history. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, H. (1986). Beyond masculinist realities: a feminist epistemology for the sciences. In R. Bleier (Ed.), Feminist approaches to sciences. Oxford: Pergamon.

  • Rose, H., & Rose, S. (1980). The myth of the neutrality of science. In R. Arditti, P. Brennan & S. Cavrak (Eds.), Science and liberation. Boston: South End Press.

  • Rosser, S. V. (1990). Female-friendly science. New York: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stobart, G., Elwood, J., & Quinlan, M. (1992). Gender bias in examinations: how equal are the opportunities? British Educational Research Journal, 18(3), 261–276. doi:10.1080/0141192920180304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thom, R. (1973). Modem mathematics: does it exist? In A. G. Howson (Ed.), Developments in mathematics education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, K. (1990). Gender and subject in higher education. Buckingham: SRHE & Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Sertima, I. (Ed.). (1986). Blacks in science: ancient and modern. New Brunswick: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Glasersfeld, E. (1990). An exposition of constructivism: why some like it radical. In R. B. Davis, C. A. Maher & N. Noddings (Eds.), Constructivist views on the teaching and learning of mathematics journal for research in mathematics education. Reston: Monograph N. 4, NCTM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whyte, J. (1985). Girl friendly schooling. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaslavsky, C. (1973). Africa counts. New York: Lawrence Hill Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This is a version of a paper first presented at the ICME7 theme group of the International Organisation on Women and Mathematics Education, Quebec, 1992. Its present content owes much to discussion with and comments from members of that network. In addition, I would particularly like to thank Mary Barnes, Leonie Daws, Stephen Lerman and the anonymous reviewers for challenging and provoking re-working of the ideas.

Reprinted from Educational Studies in Mathematics (1995), 28(3); 275–291 with permission from the publisher.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Burton†, L. Moving towards a feminist epistemology of mathematics. ZDM Mathematics Education 40, 519–528 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-008-0109-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-008-0109-9

Navigation