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Investigation of Supersonic Oxygen Jet Potential Core Length at Various Ambient Temperatures

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Abstract

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a supersonic oxygen jet has been developed with detailed consideration of compressible flow properties and ambient temperature conditions. The model was validated by comparison of the axial velocity of the supersonic jet predicted by the CFD model with experimental measurements under different ambient temperatures. The effects of the turbulence model were studied. A modified standard k–epsilon model was used to consider turbulence mixing due to both compressibility and the temperature gradient. Overall, the predictions of the CFD model showed good agreement with experimental measurements for all temperature conditions. The potential core length of the supersonic oxygen jet was studied and compared with the results of empirical models, indicating good agreement with that used by Sumi et al. Parametric study on the ambient temperature was conducted, revealing that the potential core length of the supersonic oxygen jet increases linearly with the ambient temperature.

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Abbreviations

\( p \) :

Static pressure, Pa

\( \rho \) :

Density, kg/m3

\( \vec{v} \) :

Fluid velocity, m/s

\( \vec{F} \) :

External body force, N

\( \vec{g} \) :

Gravity, m/s2

\( \overline{\overline{\tau }} \) :

Stress tensor

\( \mu \) :

Molecular viscosity, kg/m s

\( \delta_{ij} \) :

Stress tensor due to molecular viscosity

\( I \) :

Unit tensor

\( E \) :

Total energy

\( k_{\text{eff}} \) :

Effective conductivity, W/m-K

\( h_{j} \) :

Sensible enthalpy of species j

\( \vec{J}_{j} \) :

Diffusion flux of species j

\( { \Pr }_{\text{t}} \) :

Turbulent Prandtl number

\( S_{\text{h}} \) :

Heat of chemical reaction, and any other volumetric heat sources, J

\( C_{p,j} \) :

Temperature-dependent constant-pressure specific heat of species j

\( k \) :

Turbulence kinetic energy, m2/s2

\( \varepsilon \) :

Turbulence dissipation rate, m2/s3

\( \sigma_{k} \) :

Turbulent Prandtl number for \( k \), 1.0

\( \sigma_{\varepsilon } \) :

Turbulent Prandtl number for \( \varepsilon \), 1.3

\( \mu_{\text{t}} \) :

Turbulent viscosity, kg/ms

\( M_{t} \) :

Turbulent Mach number

\( a \) :

Speed of sound, m/s

\( u_{j} \) :

Velocity component along direction \( x_{j} \), m/s

\( u_{i}^{'} \) :

Instant turbulence velocity on direction \( x_{i} \), m/s

\( T \) :

Local temperature, K

\( T_{\text{t}} \) :

Local total temperature, K

\( T_{\text{g}} \) :

Normalized local total temperature gradient

\( Y_{i} \) :

Local mass fraction of each species

\( R_{i} \) :

Net rate of production of species i by chemical reactions

\( \vec{J}_{i} \) :

Diffusion flux term of species i

\( D_{{i,{\text{m}}}} \) :

Diffusion coefficient for species i in the mixture

\( D_{T,i} \) :

Thermal diffusion coefficient

\( {\text{Sc}}_{\text{t}} \) :

Turbulent Schmidt number, 0.7

\( Y_{i}^{*} \) :

Mass fraction of species \( i \) within the fine structures after reacting over the time \( \tau^{*} \)

\( Y_{i}^{0} \) :

Mass fraction of species \( i \) in the fluid surrounding the fine structures

\( v \) :

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Steel Manufacturing Simulation and Visualization Consortium (SMSVC) members for funding this project. The Center for Innovation through Visualization and Simulation (CIVS) at Purdue University Northwest is also gratefully acknowledged for providing all the resources required for this work. The authors also appreciate the help from Andrew Spencer (Steel Dynamics), Hamzah Alshawarghi (Praxair), Jianghua Li (AK Steel), Joe Maiolo (Praxair), John Lowry (Nucor), Michael Lowry (ArcelorMittal), Sunday Abraham (SSAB), and Yufeng Wang (SSAB). The authors also appreciate the help from Charlie Capek for proofreading.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Innovation Through Visualization and Simulation (CIVS), Purdue University Northwest, 2200 169th Street, Hammond, IN, 46323, USA

    Guangwu Tang, Yuchao Chen, Armin K. Silaen & Chenn Q. Zhou

  2. Nucor Steel, Blytheville, AR, 72315, USA

    Tao Wang

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  1. Guangwu Tang
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  2. Yuchao Chen
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  3. Armin K. Silaen
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  4. Tao Wang
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  5. Chenn Q. Zhou
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Correspondence to Chenn Q. Zhou.

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Tang, G., Chen, Y., Silaen, A.K. et al. Investigation of Supersonic Oxygen Jet Potential Core Length at Various Ambient Temperatures. JOM 71, 633–643 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-3244-y

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