Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Efficient Technology for Smelting Low Grade Bismuth-Lead Concentrate: Oxygen-Rich Side Blow Process

  • Published:
JOM Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An efficient technology for low-grade bismuth-lead concentrate smelting is reported. In the process, two oxygen-rich side blow furnaces (OSBF) are used for oxidative smelting of the concentrate and reductive smelting of the oxidized slag from the upstream furnace, respectively. Slags are collected from the OSBFs by certain intervals during an operation period and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrum, x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Analysis for the oxidized slag revealed that spherical or oval metallic inclusions with sizes range from submicron to 40 μm in diameter are randomly embedded in the glassy matrix. On the one hand, the metal content of the inclusions is close to that of the bottom metal alloy, indicating metal inclusions are physically entrained in the oxidized slag. On the other hand, metal inclusions are not identified in the reduced slag, disclosing the strong metal–slag separation ability of the OSBF. The bismuth content of the reduced slag is about 0.05 wt.%, which is 6–10 times lower than that of the traditional pyrometallurgical processes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. F.C. Katrivanos, “Bismuth” (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014), http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/mcs-2014-bismu.pdf. Accessed 1 August 2014.

  2. L. Wang, Bismuth Metallurgy, 1st ed. (Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1986), pp. 14–95.

    Google Scholar 

  3. T.-Z. Yang, J. Li, W.-F. Liu, L. Chen and W.-D. Bin, 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, ed. J. Tao, J.-Y. Hwang, P. J. Mackey, O. Yucel and G. Zhou (TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2013), pp. 631–642.

  4. S. Vaisburd, A. Berner, D. Brandon, S. Kozhakhmetov, E. Kenzhaliyev, and R. Zhalelev, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 33B, 551 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. L. Chen, W. Bin, T. Yang, W. Liu and S. Bin, 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, ed. J. Tao, J.-Y. Hwang, P. J. Mackey, O. Yucel and G. Zhou (TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2013), pp. 49–55.

  6. A. Balasanov, V. Verein, A. Tupikov, and A. Usachev, Metallurgist 54, 556 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. B.J. Zhao, B. Errington, E. Jak, and P. Hayes, Can. Metall. Q. 49, 241 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. B.K. Mukhanov, A. Suleimenov, W. Wojcik, and K. Gromaszek, Przegl. Elektrotech. 11B, 366 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. Guo, W.-L. Xu, Z.-H. Liu, and J.-M. Duan, Nonferrous Met. Extr Metall. 6, 24 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  10. S. Vaisburd, D.G. Brandon, S. Kozhakhmetov, and E. Kenzhaliyev, Metall. Mater. Trans. B 33B, 561 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. L. Zhang, Moden Lead Metallurgy, 1st ed. (Changsha: Central South University Press, 2013), pp. 165–215.

    Google Scholar 

  12. R.R. Moskalyk and A.M. Alfantazi, Miner. Eng. 16, 893 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. N. Cardona, P. Coursol, J. Vargas, and R. Parra, Can. Metall. Q. 50, 330 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. L. Chen, T. Yang, S. Bin, W. Liu, D. Zhang, W. Bin, and L. Zhang, JOM 66, 1664 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. V. Ettler and Z. Johan, C. R. Geosci. 335, 1005 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. G. Skopov and A. Matveev, Metallurgist 55, 596 (2011).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Warczok and G. Riveros, Miner. Eng. 20, 34 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Tossavainen, F. Engstrom, Q. Yang, N. Menad, M. Lidstrom Larsson, and B. Bjorkman, Waste Manage. 27, 1335 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. L. Gan, C. Zhang, J. Zhou, and F. Shangguan, J. Non-cryst. Solids 358, 20 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. D. Durinck, F. Engstrom, S. Arnout, J. Heulens, P.T. Jones, B. Bjorkman, B. Blanpain, and P. Wollants, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52, 1121 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. P. Richet, M. Roskosz, and J. Roux, Chem. Geol. 225, 388 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Saffarzadeh, T. Shimaoka, Y. Motomura, and K. Watanabe, J. Hazard. Mater. 164, 829 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. L. Zhang, G. Lin, W. Bin, Y. Li, and X. Li, China Nonferrous. Metall. 2, 12 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  24. X. Li, Y. Li, G. Lin, W. Bin, and L. Zhang, China Nonferrous Metall. 6, 13 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  25. R. König, A. Weyer, D.R. Degel, J. Schmidl, D.H. Kadereit and D.A. Specht, REWAS 2013, ed. A. Kvithyld, C. Meskers, R. Kirchain, G. Krumdick, B. Mishra, M.A. Reuter, C. Wang, M. Schlesinger, G. Gaustad, D. Lados and J. Spanenberger (TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2013), pp. 1–12.

  26. X. Zhou and Z. Zhang, Nonferrous Met. 59, 75 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The financial supports from National High Technology Research and Development Project of China (NO. 2011AA061002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21306231), Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2014M551932) and 2011 joint innovation center – “clean and efficient utilization of strategy mineral resources” are gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Lin Chen, Zhandong Hao, Tianzu Yang, Weifeng Liu, Duchao Zhang, Shu Bin & Wanda Bin

  2. Hunan Jinwang Bismuth Industry Co., Ltd., Chenzhou, 423000, China

    Hui Xiao

Authors
  1. Lin Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhandong Hao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tianzu Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hui Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Weifeng Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Duchao Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shu Bin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Wanda Bin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tianzu Yang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, L., Hao, Z., Yang, T. et al. An Efficient Technology for Smelting Low Grade Bismuth-Lead Concentrate: Oxygen-Rich Side Blow Process. JOM 67, 1997–2004 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1491-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1491-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation