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Impact of Electromagnetic Stirring on Grain Structure of Electroslag Remelting Ingot

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Abstract

A transient, two-dimensional axisymmetric model was developed to understand the effect of the electromagnetic stirring (EMS) on the grain morphology of the electroslag remelting ingot. The cellular automaton-finite element technique was employed to describe the nucleation and growth of the grain. The Joule heating and Lorentz force created by the current of the furnace, as well as the Lorentz force induced by the EMS device, are included. The effect of the EMS current on the grain structure was investigated using the model. A reasonable agreement between the experiment and simulation was obtained. The growth direction of the upper grain without the EMS is approximately 45° with respect to the vertical axis, while changes to the radial were caused by EMS. The grain was considerably refined by the EMS, and the average area of the grain decreased from 9.381 × 10−7 m2 to 6.781 × 10−7 m2 with the current of the EMS ranging from 0 A to 500 A. Both the local solidification time and second dendrite arm spacing decreased with the increasing stirring intensity. The metal pool depth, however, increased with the EMS, which definitely contributed to the macrosegregation formation. The upper ingot with EMS was darker than that without EMS in the experiment. The EMS technique should be used with caution.

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Abbreviations

\( \vec{F}_{\text{B}} \) :

Thermal buoyancy (N m−3)

\( \vec{F}_{\text{LS}} \) :

Lorentz force induced by the current of the furnace (N m−3)

\( \vec{F}_{\text{LE}} \) :

Lorentz force created by the EMS device (N m−3)

\( \vec{F}_{\text{D}} \) :

Damping force (N m−3)

G :

Temperature gradient (K m−1)

H :

Enthalpy (J kg−1)

k eff :

Effective thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

L :

Latent heat (J kg−1)

M :

Secondary dendrite arm spacing coefficient (m s−1)

n :

Density of grain (1/m3)

n max :

Maximum density of grain (1/m3)

p :

Pressure (Pa)

Q J :

Joule heating (W m−3)

t :

Time (s)

T :

Temperature (K)

u :

Solidification rate (m s−1)

\( \vec{v} \) :

Velocity (m s−1)

ΔT :

Temperature difference (K)

ΔT σ :

Standard deviation of the temperature difference

ΔT m :

Average temperature difference (K)

ΔT max :

Maximum nucleation undercooling (K)

λ 2 :

Secondary dendrite arm spacing (m)

μ eff :

Effective viscosity (Pa s)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

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Acknowledgements

The authors’ gratitude goes to National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51210007) and Fundamental Research Funds of People’s Republic of China for the Central Universities (N140206002).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials and Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, People’s Republic of China

    Qiang Wang, Hongguang Yan, Fang Wang & Baokuan Li

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  1. Qiang Wang
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  2. Hongguang Yan
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  3. Fang Wang
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Correspondence to Baokuan Li.

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Wang, Q., Yan, H., Wang, F. et al. Impact of Electromagnetic Stirring on Grain Structure of Electroslag Remelting Ingot. JOM 67, 1821–1829 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1479-4

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