Abstract
For sites susceptible to liquefaction induced lateral spreading during a probable earthquake, geotechnical engineers often need to know the undrained residual shear strength of the liquefied soil deposit to estimate lateral spreading displacements, and the forces acting on the piles from the liquefied soils in order to perform post liquefaction stability analyses. The most commonly used methods to estimate the undrained residual shear strength (Sur) of liquefied sand deposits are based on the correlations determined from liquefaction induced flow failures with SPT and CPT data. In this study, 44 lateral spread case histories are analyzed and a new relationship based on only lateral spread case histories is recommended, which estimates the residual shear strength ratio of the liquefiable soil layer from normalized shear wave velocity. The new proposed method is also utilized to estimate the residual lateral displacement of an example bridge problem in an area susceptible to lateral spreading in order to provide insight into how the proposed relationship can be used in geotechnical engineering practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrus RD and Stokoe KH II (1997), “Liquefaction Resistance Based on Shear Wave Velocity,” Proc., NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils, Nat. Ctr. for Earthquake Engrg. Res., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, 89–128.
Andrus RD and Stokoe KH II (2000), “Liquefaction Resistance of Soils from Shear-wave Velocity,” J.Geotech. Engrg., 126(11): 1015–1025.
Andrus RD and Youd TL (1987), Subsurface Investigation of a Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spread — Thousand Springs Valley, Idaho. Report prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Miscellaneous Paper GL-87-8), Department of Civil Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
Barminski RF Jr (1993), “Onshore and Offshore Effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake in the Moss Landing, California area,” A Master of Science Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, December, pp.48.
Bartlett SF and Youd TL (1992), “Empirical Analysis of Horizontal Ground Displacement Generated by Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreads,” Technical Rep. No. NCEER-92-0021, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Bay JA and Cox BR (2001), “Shear Wave Velocity Profiling and Liquefaction Assesment of Sites Shaken by the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey Earthquake,” PEER Rep. No. SA 3017-18336, Utah State University, Logan Utah.
Bennett MJ (1989), “Liquefaction Analysis of the 1971 Ground Failure at the San Fernando Valley Juvenile Hall, California,” Bull. Assoc.Eng. Geol., 26(2): 209–226.
Boulanger RW, Mejia LH and Idriss IM (1997), “Liquefaction at Moss Landing during Loma Prieta Earthquake,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(5): 453–467.
Bray JD and Travasarou T (2007). “Simplified Procedure for Estimating Earthquake-induced Deviatoric Slope Displacements,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 133(4): 381–392.
Caltrans (2006), Seismic Design Criteria, California DOT, Sacramento, California.
Castro G (1995), “Empirical Methods in Liquefaction Evaluation,” Proc., 1st Annual Leonardo Zeevaert Int. Conf., Vol. 1, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, 1–41.
Chu BL, Hsu SC and Chang YM (2003), “Ground Behavior and Liquefaction Analyses in Central Taiwan-Wufeng,” Engineering Geology, 71: 119–139.
Chu DB, Stewart JP, Youd TL and Chu BL (2006), “Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading in Near-fault Regions during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 132(12): 1549–1565.
Davis AP Jr, Poulos SJ and Castro G (1988), “Strengths Backfigured from Liquefaction Case Histories,” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Rolla, Mo., 1693–1701.
Dobry R, Stokoe KH II, Ladd RS and Youd TL (1981), “Liquefaction Susceptibility from S-wave Velocity,” Proc. In Situ Testing to Evaluate Liquefaction Susceptibility, ASCE National Convention, Held in St. Louis, MO.
Dobry R, Thevanayagam C, Medina C, Bethapudi R, Elgamal A, Bennett V, Abdoun T, Zeghal M, El Shamy U and Mercado VM (2011), “Mechanics of Lateral Spreading Observed in a Full-scale Shake Test,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 137(2): 115–129.
Fear CE and Robertson PK (1995), “Estimating the Undrained Shear Strength of Sand: a Theoretical Framework,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 32: 859–870.
Geomatrix (1990), “Results of Field Exploration and Laboratory Testing Program for Perimeter Dike Stability Evaluation,” Naval Station Treasure Island San Francisco, California, Project No. 1539.05, Vol.2.
Harder LF (1988), “Use of Penetration Tests to Determine the Cyclic Loading Resistance of Gravelly Soils during Earthquake Shaking,” Ph.D.thesis, Univ. of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, Calif.
Holzer TL, Bennett MJ, Ponti DJ and Tinsley JC (1998), “Liquefaction and Soil Failure during 1994 Northridge Earthquake,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(6): 438–452.
Holzer TL, Noce TE, Bennett MJ, Di Alessandro C, Boatwright J, Tinsley JC, Sell RW and Rosenberg LI (2004), “Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreading in Oceano, California during the 2003 San Simeon earthquake,” USGS Open-File Rep. No. 2004-1269, Washington, D.C.
Holzer TL, Tinsley JC, Bennett MJ and Mueller CS (1994), “Observed and Predicted Ground Deformation-miller Farm Lateral Spread, Watsonville, California,” Proc., 5th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures against Soil Liquefaction, Technical Rep. NCEER 94-0026, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. Of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Hryeiw RD (1991), “Post Loma Prieta Earthquake CPT, DMT and Shear Wave Velocity Investigations of Liquefaction Sites in Santa Cruz and on Treasure Island,” Final Report to the U.S Geological Survey, Award No. 14-08-0001-G1865, University of Michigan, 68p.
Hryeiw RD, Rollins KM, Homolka M, Shewbridge SE and McHood M (1991), “Soil Amplification at Treasure Island during the Loma Prieta Earthquake,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Mechanics, held in St. Louis, Missouri-Rolla, Vol. II, pp. 1679–1685.
Idriss IM and Boulanger RW (2008), “Soil Liquefaction during Earthquakes,” Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, MNO-12, Oakland, California.
Ishihara K (1993) “Liquefaction and Flow Failure during Earthquakes,” The 33rd Rankine Lecture, Géotechnique, 43(3): 349–415.
Ishihara K, Acacio AA and Towhata I (1993), “Liquefaction Induced Ground Damage in Dagupan in the July 16, 1990. Luzon Earthquake,” Soils and Foundations, 33(1): 133–154.
Ishihara K, Haeri SM, Moinfar AA, Towhata I and Tsujino S (1992), “Geotechnical Aspects of the June 20, 1990. Manjil Earthquake in Iran,” Soils and Foundations, 32(3): 61–78.
Ishihara K, Verdugo R and Acacio AA (1991), “Characterization of Cyclic Behavior of Sand and Postseismic Stability Analyses,” Proc., 9th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 2, Bangkok, Thailand, 17–40.
Ishihara K, Yasuda S and Yoshida Y (1990), “Liquefaction-induced Flow Failure of Embankments and Residual Strength of Silty Sands,” Soils and Foundations, 30(3): 69–80.
Kayen RE, Liu HP, Fumal TE, Westerland RE, Warrick RE, Gibbs JF and Lee HJ (1990), “Engineering and Seismic Properties of the Soil Column at Winfield Scott School, San Francisco,” Effects of the Loma Prieta Earthquake on the Marina District San Francisco, California, Open-file Report 90-253, U.S Geological Survey, pp.112–129.
Kayen RE, Tanaka Y, Shou KJ, Kishida T and Sugimoto S (2003), “Surface Wave Investigation of Soil Liquefaction Sites, September 21, 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake, Central Taiwan,” US-Taiwan Workshop on Soil Liquefaction, http://www.ces.clemson.edu/UsTaiwanWorkshop, June 13, 2004.
Konrad JM and Watts BD (1995), “Undrained Shear Strength for Liquefaction Flow Failure Analysis,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 32: 783–794.
Lumbantoruan PMH (2005), “Probabilistic Postliquefaction Residual Shear Strength Analyses of Cohesionless Soil Deposits: Application to the Kocaeli (1999) and Duzce (1999) Earthquakes,” M.S thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Ledezma C and Bray JD (2008), “Performance-based Earthquake Engineering Design Evaluation Procedure for Bridge Foundations Undergoing Liquefactioninduced Lateral Ground Displacement,” PEER Rep. No. 2008/05, PEER, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.
Ledezma C and Bray JD (2010), “Probabilistic Performance-based Procedure to Evaluate Pile Foundations at Sites with Liquefaction-induced Lateral Displacement,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(3): 464–476.
Martin GR, March ML, Anderson DG, Mayes RL and Power MS (2002), “Recommended Design Approach for Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreads,” Proc., 3rd National Seismic Conf. and Workshopon Bridges and Highways, MCEER-02-SP04, Univ. of Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y.
Mayoral JM, Flores FA and Romo MP (2009), “A Simplified Numerical Approach for Lateral Spreading Evaluation,” Geofísica Internacional, 48(4): 391–405.
Mejia LH (1992), “Liquefaction at Moss Landing,” Submitted Contribution to the NEHRP Report to Congress on the Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989, April.
Mejia LH (1998), “Liquefaction at Moss Landing,” The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper No. 1551-B, B129-B150.
Newmark NM (1965), “Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments,” Geotechnique, 15(2): 139–160.
Olson SM (2001), “Liquefaction Analysis of Level and Sloping Ground Using Field Case Histories and Penetration Resistance,” PhD thesis, Univ. of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, III. 549 p.
Olson SM and Johnson CI (2008), “Analyzing Liquefaction-induced Lateral Spreads Using Strength Ratios,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 134(8): 1035–1049.
Olson SM and Stark TD (2002), “Liquefied Strength Ratio from Liquefaction Flow Failure Case Histories,” Can. Geotech. J., 39: 629–647.
Power MS, Egan JA, Shewbridge SE, deBecker J and Faris JR (1998), “Analysis of Liquefactioninduced Damage on Treasure Island,” The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989-Liquefaction, T. L. Holzer, ed., USGS, Washington, D.C., Professional Paper 1551-B, B87-B119.
Rathje EM, Karatas I., Wright SG and Bachhuber J (2004), “Caostal Failures during the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake in Turkey,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24: 699–712.
Robertson PK, Woelle DJ and Finn WDL (1992), “Seismic Cone Penetraion Test for Evaluating Liquefaction Potential under Cyclic Loading,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29: 686–695.
Ross GA, Seed HB and Migliaccio RR (1969), “Bridge Foundations in Alaska Earthquake,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, 95(SM4): 1007–1036.
Seed HB (1987), “Design Problems in Soil Liquefaction,” J. Geotech.Engrg., 113(8): 827–845.
Seed RB and Harder LF Jr (1990), “SPT-based Analysis of Cyclic Pore Pressure Generation and Undrained Residual Strength,” Proc., H.B.Seed Memorial Symp., Vol. 2, Bi-Tech Publishing Ltd., 351–376.
Seed HB, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF and Chung RM (1985), “The Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction ResCHIistance Evaluations,” J. Geotech. Engrg., 111(12): 1425–1445.
Stark TD and Mesri G (1992), “Undrained Shear Strength of Liquefied Sands for Stability Analysis,” J. Geotech. Engrg., 118(11): 1727–1747.
Sykora DW and Stokoe KH (1983), “Correlations of in Situ Measurements in Sands of Shear Wave Veloctity, Soil Characteristics and Site Conditions,” Geotechnical Eng. Report, GR83-33, The University of Texas, Austin.
Tokimatsu K, Kojima H, Kuwayama S, Abe A and Midorikawa S (1994), “Liquefaction-induced Damage to Buildings in 1990. Luzon Earthquake,” J. Geotech. Engrg., 120(2): 290–307.
Tokimatsu K, Kuwayama S, Abe A, Nomura S and Tamura S (1991), “Considerations to Damage Patterns in the Marina District During Loma Prieta Earthquake Based on Rayleigh Wave Investigation,” Proc., Second International Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Dynamics, March 11–15, St. Louis Missouri, Vol. II, pp. 1649–1654.
Toprak S, Holzer TL, Bennett MJ and Tinsley JC (1999), “CPT and SPT-based Probabilistic Assessment of Liquefaction Potential,” Proc., 7th U.S.-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction, T. D. O’Rourke, J.-P. Bardet, and M. Hamada, eds., Technical Rep. MCEER 99-0019, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., 69–86.
Wayne AC, Donald OD, Jeffrey PB and Hassen H (1998), Direct Measurement of Liquefaction Potential in Soils of Monterey County, California,” The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Liquefaction (ed. T. L. Holzer), pp. B181–B208. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
Wride (Fear) CE, McRoberts EC and Robertson PK (1999), “Reconsideration of Case Histories for Estimating Undrained Shear Strength in Sandy Soils,” Can. Geotech. J., 36: 907–933.
Yegian MK, Ghahraman and Harutiunyan RN (1994), “Liquefaction and Embankment Failure Case Histories, 1988 Armenia Earthquake,” J. Geotech. Engrg., 120(3): 581–596.
Yegian MK, Ghahraman VG, Nogole-Sadat MA A and Daraie H (1995), “Liquefaction during the 1990. Manjil, Iran, Earthquake, II: Case History Analysis,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85(1): 83–92.
Yoshimine M, Robertson PK and Wride CE (1999), “Undrained Shear Strength of Clean Sands to Trigger Flow Liquefaction,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36: 891–906.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özener, P. Estimation of residual shear strength ratios of liquefied soil deposits from shear wave velocity. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 11, 461–484 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-012-0134-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-012-0134-0