Abstract
Sporogenesis and gametophytes development in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) was studied. Arabidopsis thaliana was selected for this study as a biogenetic model with a small genome and a short life cycle. Flowers and buds in different developmental stages were removed, fixed in an FAA70, stored in 70 % ethanol, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 7 − 10 µm with a microtome, stained with Hematoxylin – Eosin and analyzed with a photomicroscope. The results showed the anthers are tetrasporangiate, anther tapetum is of secretory type at the beginning and plasmodial at the end of anther development. Also, microspore tetrads are tetrahedral and rarely tetragonal. In addition, mature pollen grains are spherical, tricolporate, scabrate, and tricellular. The gynoecium is bicarpellate and the ovule is amphitropous, bitegmic, and tenuinucellate. Hypostasis was also observed in basis of nucellus. Endothelium is composed of one cell row and cell divisions of megaspore mother cell results in T-shaped tetrad. The chalazal cell is a functional megaspore that survives and functions in megagametophyte development. The embryo sac development belonged to the Polygonum type and it is curved. The mature embryo sac is composed of 7 cells, one central cell containing polar nuclei, two elongated synergids, a triangular oosphere cell, and three antipodal cells that are degenerated immediately by developing the embryogenesis stage in the mature embryo.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghajafari M, Behboodi BS, Pirayesh S (2013) Study on the morphology of genus Arabidopsis in Iran. Am J Plant Sci 2013. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.412A1004
Al-shehbaz I (2003) Transfer of most North American species of Arabis to Boechera (Brassicaceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press 13, No. 4, Winter, 2003, pp 381–391. https://doi.org/10.2307/3393366
Belyaeva L, Rodionova G (1983) Family Brassicaceae comparative embryology of flowering plants. Phytolaccaceae—Thymelaeceae 3:154–164
Bouman F (1974) Developmental studies of the ovule, integuments, and seed in some angiosperms. Thesis University Amsterdam
Bouman F (1975) Integument initiation and testa development in some Cruciferae. Bot J Linn Soc 70:213–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01646
Chehregani A, Mahanfar N (2007) Achene micro-morphology of Anthemis (Asteraceae) and its allies in Iran with emphasis on systematics International. J Agric Biol 9:486–488
Chehregani A, Sedaghat M (2009) Pollen grain and ovule development in Lepidium vesicarium (Brassicaceae). Int J Agric Biol 11:1560–8530
Chehregani A, Tanomi N (2010) Ovule ontogenesis and megagametophyte development in Onobrychis schahuensis Bornm.(Fabaceae). Turk J Bot 34:241–248. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0908-168
Davis GL (1962) Embryological studies in the compositae, I. sporogenesis, gametogenesis, and embryogeny in Cotula australis (less.) hook F. Aust J Bot 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9620001
Davis G (1966) Systematic embryology f the angiosperms. Willey, Hoboken
Davis G (1966) Systematic embryology of angiosperms. Wiley, New York
Diboll AG (1968) Fine structural development of the megagametophyte of Zea mays following fertilization American. J Bot 55:787–806. https://doi.org/10.2307/2440968
Ghimire B, Heo K (2012) Embryology of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal (Solanaceae). Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot 54:69–78
Johansson M, Walles B (1993) Functional anatomy of the ovule in broad bean (Vicia faba L.). I. Histogenesis prior to and after pollination International. J Plant Sci 154:80–89
Johri B, Ambegaokar K, Srivastava P (1992) Comparative embryology of angiosperms, vol. 1. Berlin, Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Jürgens G, Mayer U, Berleth T, Miséra S (1991) Genetic analysis of pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Development 113:27–38
Kai-yu P, Jie W, Shi-liang Z (1997) Embryological study on Mosla chinensis (Lamiaceae). Acta Bot Sin 39:111–116
Kasahara RD, Maruyama D, Hamamura Y, Sakakibara T, Twell D, Higashiyama T (2012) Fertilization recovery after defective sperm cell release in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 22:1084–1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.069
Khan R (2004) Studies on the pollen morphology of the genus Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) from Pakistan . Pak J Bot 36:229–234
Koch MA (2019) The plant model system Arabidopsis set in an evolutionary, systematic, and spatio-temporal context. J Exp Bot 70:55–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery340
Koch MA, Matschinger M (2007) Evolution and genetic differentiation among relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:6272–6277. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701338104
Koch M, Haubold B, Mitchell-Olds T (2001) Molecular systematics of the Brassicaceae: evidence from coding plastidic matK and nuclear Chs sequences. Am J Bot 88:534–544
O’Kane SL Jr, Al-Shehbaz IA (1997) A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon :323–327. https://doi.org/10.2307/3391949
Pacini E, Franchi G, Hesse M (1985) The tapetum: Its form, function, and possible phylogeny inEmbryophyta. Plant Syst Evol 149:155–185
Page DR, Grossniklaus U (2002) The art and design of genetic screens: Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Rev Genet 3:124–136. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg730
Poddubnaya-Arnol’di VA (1982) Characteristics of angiosperm families in relation to cytoembryological characters. Nauka, Moscow
Prakash N (1987) Embryology of the leguminosae. In: Stirton CH (ed) Advances in legume systematics, 241–278, Part 3. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, England
Prasad K (1977) The development and structure of basal body in the ovule and seed of certain species of Cruciferae. Bot Jahrb Syst 98:266–272
Preuss D, Rhee SY, Davis RW (1994) Tetrad analysis possible in Arabidopsis with mutation of the QUARTET (QRT) genes. Science 264:1458–1460. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.8197459
Ramezani H, Chehregani Rad A, Karamian R (2018) Development of the male and female gametophyte in Capsicum annuum L. var. California Wonder . Plant Biosyst 152:1172–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1435568
Rao CV (1963) Studies in the Proteaceae. 3. Tribe Oriteae Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India. Calcutta 29:489–510
Rédei GP (1975) Arabidopsis as a genetic tool Annual review of genetics 9:111–127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.09.120175.000551
Rembert JDH (1969) Comparative megasporogenesis in Caesalpiniaceae. Bot Gaz 130:47–52
Rembert JDH (1969) Comparative megasporogenesis in Papilionaceae. Am J Bot 56:584–591
Rembert JDH (1971) Phylogenetic significance of megaspore tetrad patterns in Leguminales. Phytomorphology 21:317–416
Rembert Junior DH (1977) Contribution to ovule ontogeny in Glycine max. Phytomorphology 27:368–370
Rollins RC (1941) Monographic study of Arabis in western North America Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University:289–485. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd
Scott RJ, Spielman M, Bailey J, Dickinson HG (1998) Parent-of-origin effects on seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 125:3329–3341
Shamrov I (2002) Ovule and seed morphogenesis in Capsella bursapastoris (Brassicaceae) in connection with peculiar mode of endothelium formation . Botanicheskij Zhurnal (St Petersburg) 87:1–18
Somssich M (2018) A short history of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Columbia-0 (No. e26931v2). PeerJ Preprints, Australia. https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.26931v3
Sun K, Hunt K, Hauser BA (2004) Ovule abortion in Arabidopsis triggered by stress. Plant Physiol 135:2358–2367. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.043091
Twell D, Park SK, Lalanne E (1998) Asymmetric division and cell-fate determination in developing pollen. Trends Plant Sci 3:305–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01277-1
Vaughan JG, Whitehouse JM (1971) Seed structure and the taxonomy of the Cruciferae. Bot J Linn Soc 64:383–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1971.tb02153
Vijayabaghavan M, Prabhakar K (1981) Ontogenetical and histochemical studies on chalazal proliferating tissue in Iberis amara and Alyssum maritimum. Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen 56(1):7–17
Xue C-Y, Li D-Z (2005) Embryology of Megacodon stylophorus and Veratrilla baillonii (Gentianaceae): descriptions and systematic implications. Bot J Linn Soc 147:317–331
Yadegari R, Drews GN (2004) Female gametophyte development. Plant Cell 16:S133–S141. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.018192
Yankova E (2004) Comparative-embryological study on the bulgarian representatives of grnus Angelica L. (Apiaceae) and revealing the possibility of their in vitro cultivation. Phd Thesis. Sofia(1) (PDF) On the reproductive biology of Angelica archangelica L. (Apiaceae). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275040581_On_the_reproductive_biology_of_Angelica_archangelica_L_Apiaceae. Accessed 03 Feb 2021
Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Yurukova-Grancharova P, Vladimirov V (2016) On the embryology of Brassica jordanoffii (Brassicaceae)–an endemic species in the Bulgarian flora Phytologia Balcanica. Int J Balkan Flora Veg 22:149–153
Yeung EC (1998) A beginner’s guide to the study of plant structure. In: Karcher SJ (ed) Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Vol. 19. Proceedings of the 19th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), pp, 125–141. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2985-3_41
Yeung E, Cavey M (1990) Developmental changes in the inner epidermis of the bean seed coat. Protoplasma 154:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1994.1114
Yurukova-Grancharova P, Anchev M, Goranova V (2004) Embryological study on diploid and triploid populations in Iberis saxatilis subsp. saxatilis (Brassicaceae) in Bulgarian flora. Phytologia Balcan 10(1):69–78
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Research and Technology chronicle of Biology Department, College of Bioscience, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran, and the Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Basiri, E., Jafari Marandi, S., Arbabian, S. et al. Development of male and female gametophytes and embryogenesis in the Arabidopsis thaliana. Biologia 76, 853–863 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00682-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00682-4