Abstract
This study compared the profiles of fatty acids, phytosterols, and polyamine conjugates in conventional commercial corn oil extracted from corn germ and in two “new-generation” corn oils: hexane-extracted corn fiber oil and ethanol-extracted corn kernel oil. The fatty acid compositions of all three corn oils were very similar and were unaffected by degumming, refining, bleaching, and deodorization. The levels of total phytosterols in crude corn fiber oil were about tenfold higher than those in commercial corn oil, and their levels in crude corn kernel oil were more than twofold higher than in conventional corn oil. When corn kernel oil was subjected to conventional degumming, refining, bleaching, and deodorization, about half of the phytosterols was removed, whereas when corn fiber oil was subjected to a gentle form of degumming, refining, bleaching, and deodorization, only about 10% of the phytosterols was removed. Finally, when the levels of polyamine conjugates (diferuloylputrescine and p-coumaroyl feruloylputrescine) were examined in these corn oils, they were only detected in the ethanol-extracted crude corn kernel oil, confirming earlier reports that they were not extracted by hexane, and providing new information that they could be removed from ethanol-extracted corn kernel oil by conventional degumming, refining, bleaching, and deodorizing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Moreau RA, Johnson DB, Hicks KB (2007) A comparison of the levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in corn germ oil, corn fiber oil, and corn kernel oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 84:1039–1044
Moreau RA, Hicks KB (2005) The composition of corn oil obtained by the alcohol extraction of ground corn. J Am Oil Chem Soc 82:809–815
Moreau RA, Nuñez A, Singh V (2001) Diferuloylputrescine and p-coumaroyl feruloylputrescine, abundant polyamine conjugates in lipid extracts of maize kernels. Lipids 36:839–844
Moreau RA (2002) Corn oil. In: Gunstone FD (ed) Vegetable oils in food technology. Sheffield Academic, Sheffield, pp 278–296
Moreau RA (2005) Corn oil. In: Shahidi F (ed) Bailey’s industrial oil and fat products, edible oil and fat products: edible oils vol 2, 6th edn. Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, pp 149–172
Moreau RA, Powell MJ, Hicks KB (1996) Extraction and quantitative analysis of oil from commercial corn fiber. J Agric Food Chem 44:2149–2154
Moreau, RA, Hicks KB, Nicolosi RJ, Norton RA (1998). Corn fiber oil: its preparation, composition, and use. US Patent No. 5,843,499
Hojilla-Evangelista MP, Johnston LA, Meyers DJ (1992) Sequential extraction processing of flaked whole corn: alternative corn fractional technology for ethanol production. Cereal Chem 69:643–647
Kwiatkowski JR, Cheryan M (2002) Extraction of oil from ground corn using ethanol. J Am Oil Chem Soc 79:825–830
Moreau RA, Singh V, Nunez A, Hicks KB (2000) Phytosterols in the aleurone layer of corn kernels. Biochem Soc Trans 28:803–806
Goffmann FD, Böhme T (2001) Relationship between fatty acid profile and vitamin e content in maize hybrids (Zea mays L.). J Agric Food Chem 49:4990–4994
AOAC International (1998) Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburgl Official Method 996.01
Piironen V, Toivo J, Lampi A-M (2002) Plant sterols in cereals and cereal products. Cereal Chem 79:148–154
Soupas L, Juntunen L, Säynäjoki S, Lampi A-M, Piironen V (2004) GC–MS method for characterization and quantification of sitostanol oxidation products. J Am Oil Chem Soc 81:135–141
Kamal-Eldin A, Määttä K, Toivo J, Lampi A, Piironen V (1998) Acid-catalyzed isomerization of fucosterol and D5-avenasterol. Lipids 33:1073–1077
Rahier A, Benveniste P (1989) Mass spectral identification of phytosterols. In: Nes WD, Parish EJ (eds) Analysis of sterols and other biologically significant steroids. Academic, San Diego, pp 223–250
Lin S, Akoh CA, Reynolds AE (1999) Determination of optimal conditions for selected adsorbent combinations to recover used frying oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76:739–744
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture.
About this article
Cite this article
Moreau, R.A., Lampi, AM. & Hicks, K.B. Fatty Acid, Phytosterol, and Polyamine Conjugate Profiles of Edible Oils Extracted from Corn Germ, Corn Fiber, and Corn Kernels. J Am Oil Chem Soc 86, 1209–1214 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1456-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1456-6