Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Total Lipids of Sarda Sheep Meat that Include the Fatty Acid and Alkenyl Composition and the CLA and Trans-18:1 Isomers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Lipids

Abstract

The total lipids of the longissimus dorsi muscle were analyzed from commercial adult Sarda sheep in Sardina taken from local abattoirs, and in the subsequent year from three local farms in the Sassari region that provided some information on the amount and type of supplements fed to the pasture-fed sheep. The complete lipid analysis of sheep meat included the fatty acids from O-acyl and N-acyl lipids, including the trans- and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and the alk-1-enyl ethers from the plasmalogenic lipids. This analysis required the use of a combination of acid- and base-catalyzed methylation procedures, the former to quantitate the O-acyl, N-acyl and alkenyl ethers, and the latter to determine the content of CLA isomers and their metabolites. A combination of gas chromatographic and silver-ion separation techniques was necessary to quantitate all of the meat lipid constituents, which included a prior separation of the trans-octadecenoic acids (18:1) and a separation of fatty acid methyl esters and the dimethylacetals (DMAs) from the acyl and alk-1-enyl ethers, respectively. The alk-1-enyl moieties of the DMAs were analyzed as their stable cyclic acetals. In general, about half of the meat lipids were triacylglycerols, even though excess fat was trimmed from the meat. The higher fat content in the meat appears to be related to the older age of these animals. The variation in the trans-18:1 and CLA isomer profiles of the Sarda sheep obtained from the abattoirs was much greater than in the profiles from the sheep from the three selected farms. Higher levels of 10t-18:1, 7t9c-18:2, 9t11c-18:2 and 10t12c-18:2 were observed in the commercial sheep meat, which reflected the poorer quality diets of these sheep compared to those from the three farms, which consistently showed higher levels of 11t-18:1, 9c11t-18:2 and 11t13c-18:2. In the second study, sheep were provided with supplements during the spring and summer grazing season, which contributed to higher levels of 11t-18:1 and 9c11t-18:2. The farm that provided a small amount of supplements during the spring had the better lipid profile at both time periods. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was higher in the meat from Sarda sheep from the three farms than in the meat from those sheep obtained from commercial slaughter operations. The plasmalogenic lipid content ranged from 2 to 3% of total lipids, the alk-1-enyl ethers consisted mainly of saturated and monounsaturated moieties, and the trans-18:1 profile was similar to that of the FA. The n-6 (6–8%) and n-3 PUFA (2–3%) contents, the n-6/n-3 ratio (3:1), as well as the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (42–45%) and the SFA to PUFA ratio (4:1 to 5:1) of the Sarda sheep from the three farms were comparable to sheep meat lipids found in similar commercial operations in Europe. Inclusion of small amounts of supplements for the grazing Sarda sheep resulted in improved quality of sheep meat lipids.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2A–C
Fig. 3
Fig. 4A–E
Fig. 5A–D
Fig. 6
Fig. 7A–B

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Ag+-HPLC:

Silver ion-high performance liquid chromatography

Ag+-TLC:

Silver ion-thin layer chromatography

CLA:

Conjugated linoleic acid

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

FA:

Fatty acid

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

FFA:

Free fatty acid

FID:

Flame ionization detector

GC:

Gas chromatography

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

LC:

Long-chain

MUFA:

Monounsaturated fatty acid

PUFA:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

SFA:

Saturated fatty acid

TFA:

Trans fatty acid

References

  1. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester ADM, Katan MB (2003) Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1146–1155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Gebauer S, Harries WS, Kris-Etherton PM, Etherton TD (2005) Dietary n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio and health. In: Akoh CC, Lai O-M (eds) Healthful lipids. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp 221–248

  3. Bauman DE, Griinari JM (2003) Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Ann Rev Nutr 23:203–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME (2001) The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Progr Lipid Res 40:283–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Belury M (2002) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action. Ann Rev Nutr 22:505–531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Aro A, Männistö S, Salminen I, Ovaskainen M-L, Kataja V, Uusitupa M (2000) Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Nutr Cancer 38:151–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A (2005) High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish mammography cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 82:894–900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Warensjö E, Jansson J-H, Berglund L, Boman K, Ahréns B, Weinehall L, Lindahl B, Hallsmans G, Vessby B (2004) Estimated intake of milk fat is negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors and does not increase the risk of a first acute myocardial infraction. A prospective case—control study. Br J Nutr 91:635–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fritsche S, Rumsey TS, Yurawecz MP, Ku Y, Fritsche J (2001) Influence of growth promoting implants on fatty acid composition including conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat. Eur Food Res Technol 212:621–629

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nuernberg K, Nuernberg G, Ender K, Lorenz S, Winkler K, Rickert R, Steinhart H (2002) N-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids of Longissimus muscle in beef cattle. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 104:463–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Scollan ND, Enser M, Gulati SK, Richardson I, Wood JD (2003) Effect of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle. Br J Nutr 90:709–716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dannenberger D, Nuernberg G, Scollan N, Schabbel W, Steinhart H, Ender K, Nuernberg K (2004) Effect of diet on the deposition of n-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic and C18:1 trans fatty acid isomers in muscle lipids of German holstein bulls. J Agr Food Chem 52:6607–6615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Dannenberger D, Nuernberg K, Nuernberg G, Scollan N, Steinhart H, Ender K (2005) Effect of pasture versus concentrate diet on CLA isomer distribution in different tissue lipids of beef cattle. Lipids 40:589–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Aurousseau B, Bauchart D, Calichon E, Micol D, Priolo A (2004) Effect of grass on concentrate feeding systems and rate of growth on triglyceride and phospholipid and their fatty acids in the M. longissimus thoracis of lambs. Meat Sci 66:531–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Daniel ZCTR, Wynn RJ, Salter AM, Buttery PJ (2004) Differing effects of forage and concentrate diets on the oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep tissue: the role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase. J Anim Sci 82:747–758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Diaz MT, Álvarez I, De la Fluente J, Saňudo C, Campo MM, Oliver MA, Font i Furnols M, Montossi F, San Julián R, Nute GR, Caňeque V (2005) Fatty acid composition of meat from typical lamb production systems of Spain, United Kingdom, Germany and Uruguay. Meat Sci 71:256–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Maranesi M, Bochicchio D, Montellato L, Zaghini A, Pagliuca G, Badiani A (2005) Effect of microwave cooking or broiling on selected nutrient contents, fatty acid patterns and true retention values in separable lean from lamb rib-loins, with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid. Food Chem 90:207–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Priolo A, Bella M, Lanza M, Galofaro V, Biondi L, Barbagallo D, Ben Salem H, Pennisi P (2005) Carcass and meat quality of lambs fed fresh sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) with or without polyethylene glycol or concentrate. Small Rumin Res 59:281–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Santos-Silva J, Mendes IA, Portugal PV, Bessa RJB (2004) Effect of particle size and soybean oil supplementation on growth performance, carcass and meat quality and fatty acid composition of intermuscular lipids of lambs. Livest Prod Sci 90:79–88

    Google Scholar 

  20. Bessa RJB, Portugal PV, Mendes IA, Santos-Silva J (2005) Effect of lipid supplementation on growth performance, carcass and meat quality and fatty acid composition of intramuscular lipids of lambs fed dehydrated lucerne or concentrate. Livest Prod Sci 96:185–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lemaitre RN, King IB, Mozaffarian D, Sotoodehnia N, Rea TD, Kuller LH, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS (2006) Plasma phospholipids trans fatty acids, fatal ischemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death in older adults. The cardiovascular health study. Circulation 114:209–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB (2005) Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr 135:562–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ratnayake WMN, Zehaluk C (2005) Trans fatty acids in foods and their labeling regulations. In: Akoh CC, Lai O-M (eds) Healthful lipids. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp 1–32

  24. Weggemans RM, Rudrum M, Trautwein EA (2004) Intake of ruminant versus industrial trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease—What is the evidence? Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 106:390–397

    Google Scholar 

  25. Demeyer D, Doreau M (1999) Targets and procedures for altering ruminant meat and milk lipids. Proc Nutr Soc 58:593–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Khanal RC, Olsen KC (2004) Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk, meat, and eggs: a review. Pak J Nutr 3:82–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Schmid A, Collomb M, Sieber R, Bee G (2006) Conjugated linoleic acid in meat and meat products: a review. Meat Sci 73:29–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cruz-Hernandez C, Deng Z, Zhou J, Hill AR, Yurawecz MP, Delmonte P, Mossoba MM, Dugan MER, Kramer JKG (2004) Methods for analysis of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-18:1 isomers in dairy fats by using a combination of gas chromatography, silver-ion thin-layer chromatography/gas chromatography, and silver-ion liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 87:545–562

    Google Scholar 

  29. Cruz-Hernandez C Kramer JKG, Kraft J, Santercole V, Or-Rashid M, Deng Z, Dugan MER, Delmonte P, Yurawecz MP (2006) Systematic analysis of trans and conjugated linoleic acids in the milk and meat of ruminants. In: Yurawecz MP, Kramer JKG, Gudmundsen O, Pariza MW, Banni S (eds) Advances in conjugated linoleic acid research, vol. 3. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp 45–93

  30. FAO (2006) Website. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome (see http://www.fao.org, last accessed 22nd December 2006)

  31. Precht D, Molketin J (2000) Identification and quantitation of cis/trans C16:1 and C17:1 fatty acid positional isomers in German human milk lipids by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 102–113

  32. Kramer JKG, Cruz-Hernandez C, Zhou J (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid and octadecenoic acids: analysis by GC. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:600–609

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sehat N, Rickert R, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Adlof RO, Morehouse KM, Fritsche J, Eulitz KD, Steinhart H, Ku Y (1999) Improved separation of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters by silver ion-high-performance liquid chromatography. Lipids 34:407–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Delmonte P, Yurawecz MP, Mossoba MM, Cruz-Hernandez C, Kramer JKG (2004) Improved identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers using silver-ion HPLC separations. J AOAC Int 87:563–568

    Google Scholar 

  35. Horrocks LA (1972) Content, composition, and metabolism of mammalian and avian lipids that contain ether groups. In: Snyder F (ed) Ether lipids. Academic, New York, pp 177–272

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kramer JKG, Fellner V, Dugan MER, Sauer FD, Mossoba MM, Yurawecz MP (1997) Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids 32:1219–1228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kramer JKG (1980) Comparative studies on composition of cardiac phospholipids in rats fed different vegetable oils. Lipids 15:651–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chiang SD, Gessert CF, Lowry OH (1957) Colorimetric determination of extracted lipids, an adaptation for microgram amounts of lipids obtained from cerumen. Curr List Med Lit Res 33:56–64

    Google Scholar 

  39. Folch J, Lees M, Sloane Stanley GH (1957) A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipid from animals tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497–509

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Banni S, Day BW, Evans RW, Corongiu FP, Lombardi B (1994) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of conjugated diene fatty acids in a partly hydrogenated fat. J Am Oil Chem Soc 71:1321–1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Banni S, Carta G, Contini MS, Angioni E, Deiana M, Dessì MA, Melis MP, Corongiu FP (1996) Characterization of conjugated diene fatty acids in milk, dairy products, and lamb tissues. J Nutr Biochem 7:150–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Banni S, Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Scanu P, Melis MP, Bauman DE, Fischer SM, Ip C (2001) Distribution of conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites in different lipid fractions in the rat liver. J Lipid Res 42:1056–1061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Banni S, Petroni A, Blasevich M, Carta G, Angioni E, Murru E, Day BW, Melis MP, Spada S, Ip C (2004) Detection of conjugated C16 PUFAs in rat tissues as possible partial beta-oxidation products of naturally occurring conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites. Biochim Biophys Acta 1682:120–127

    Google Scholar 

  44. Sehat N, Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Ku Y (1998) Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers. Lipids 33:217–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kramer JKG, Hulan HW (1978) A comparison of procedures to determine free fatty acids in rat heart. J Lipid Res 19:103–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37:911–917

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kramer JKG, Fouchard RC, Farnworth ER (1983) A complete separation of lipid by three-directional thin layer chromatography. Lipids 18:896–899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kramer JKG, Zhou J (2001) Conjugated linoleic acid and octadecenoic acids: extraction and isolation of lipids. Euro J Lipid Sci Technol 103:594–600

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Winterfeld M, Debuch H (1966) Die Lipoide einiger Gewebe und Organe des Menschen. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 345:11–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Mahadevan V, Viswanathan CV, Phillips F (1967) Conversion of fatty acid aldehyde dimethyl acetals to the corresponding alk-1-enyl methyl ethers (substituted vinyl ethers) during gas–liquid chromatography. J Lipid Res 8:2–6

    Google Scholar 

  51. Stein RA, Slawson V (1966) A model for fatty aldehyde dimethyl acetal gas–liquid chromatography. The conversion of octadecanal dimethyl acetal to methyl 1-octadecenyl ether. J Chromatogr 25:204–212

    Google Scholar 

  52. Venkata Rao P, Ramachandran S, Cornwell DG (1967) Synthesis of fatty acid aldehydes and their cyclic acetals (new derivatives for the analysis of plasmalogens). J Lipid Res 8:380–390

    Google Scholar 

  53. Wolff RL, Bayard CC, Fabien RJ (1995) Evaluation of sequential methods for the determination of butterfat fatty acid composition with emphasis on trans-18:1 acids. Application to the study of seasonal variations in french butters. J Am Oil Chem Soc 72:1471–1483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Precht D, Molkentin J (1996) Rapid analysis of the isomers of trans-octadecenoic acid in milk fat. Int Dairy J 6:791–809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kramer JKG, Blackadar CB, Zhou J (2002) Evaluation of two GC columns (60-m SUPELCOWAX 10 and 100-m CP Sil 88) for analysis of milkfat with emphasis on CLA, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 isomers, and short- and long-chain FA. Lipids 37:823–835

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kramer JKG, Cruz-Hernandez C, Deng Z, Zhou J, Jahreis G, Dugan MER (2004) Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-18:1 isomers in synthetic and animal products. Am J Clin Nutr 79(Suppl.):1137S–1145S

    Google Scholar 

  57. SAS Institute (1990) SA user’s guide, version 6. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC

  58. Mazzette R, Meloni D, De Santis EPL, Santercole V, Scarano C, Cosseddu AM (2005) Characterization of Sarda sheep carcasses used in the processing of meat products. Vet Res Commun 29(Suppl. 2):335–338

    Google Scholar 

  59. Smith A, Calder AG, Lough AK, Duncan WRH (1979) Identification of metyl-branched fatty acids from the triacylglycerols of subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. Lipids 14:953–960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Piperova LS, Teter BB, Bruckental I, Sampugna J, Mills SE, Yurawecz MP, Fritsche J, Ku K, Erdman RA (2000) Mammary lipogenic enzyme activity, trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are altered in lactating dairy cows fed a milk fat-depressing diet. J Nutr 130:2568–2574

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kraft J, Collomb M, Möckel P, Sieber R, Jahreis G (2003) Differences in CLA isomers distribution of cow’s milk lipids. Lipids 38:657–664

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Shingfield KJ, Reynolds CK, Lupoli B, Toivonen V, Yurawecz MP, Delmonte P, Griinari JM, Grandison AS, Beever DE (2005) Effects of forage type and proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in cows given sunflower oil and fish oil. Anim Sci 80:225–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kramer JKG, Cruz-Hernandez C, Or-Rashid M, Dugan MER (2004) The use of total trans-11 containing FA, rather than total “n-7” FA, is recommended to assess the content of FA with a positive health image in ruminant fats. Lipids 39:693–695

    Google Scholar 

  64. Fearon AM, Mayne CS, Beattie JA, Bruce DW (2004) Effect of level of oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows at pasture on animal performance and milk composition and properties. J Sci Food Agric 84:497–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Rego OA, Rosa HJD, Portugal PV, Franco T, Vouzela CM, Borba AES, Bessa RJB (2005) The effect of supplementation with sunflower and soybean oils on the fatty acid profile of milk fat from grazing dairy cows. Anim Res 54:17–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Nűrnberg K, Grumbach S, Zupp W, Hartung M, Nűrnberg G, Ender K (2001) Erhöhung der n-3 Fettsäuren und der konjugierten linolsäure (CLA) im lammfleisch durch weidehaltung. Fleischwirtschaft 81:120–122

    Google Scholar 

  67. Ponnampalam EN, Sinclair AJ, Egan AR, Blakeley SJ, Leury BJ (2001) Effect of diets containing n-3 fatty acids on muscle long-chain n-3 fatty acid content in lambs fed low- and medium-quality roughage diets. J Anim Sci 79:698–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Washera AM, Sinclair LA, Wilkinson RG, Enser M, Wood JD, Fisher AV (2002) Effects of dietary fat source and breed on the carcass composition, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep meat and adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 88:697–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hanahan DJ (1972) Ether linked lipids: chemistry and methods of measurement. In: Snyder F (ed) Ether lipids. Academic, New York, pp 25–50

    Google Scholar 

  70. Knight TW, Knowles SO, Death AF, Cummings TL, Muir PD (2004) Conservation of conjugated linoleic, trans-vaccenic and long chain omega-3 fatty acid content in raw and cooked lamb from two cross-breeds. New Zeal J Agric Res 47:129–135

    Google Scholar 

  71. Giuffrida de Mendoza M, Arenas de Moreno L, Huerta-Leidenz N, Uzcátegui-Bracho, Beriain MJ, Smith GC (2005) Occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid in longissimus dorsi muscle of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) and zebu-type cattle raised under savannah conditions. Meat Sci 69:93–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Bolte MR, Hess BW, Means WJ, Moss GE, Rule DC (2002) Feeding lambs high-oleate or high-linoleate safflower seeds differentially influences carcass fatty acid composition. J Anim Sci 80:609–616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Rule DC, Broughton KS, Shellito SM, Maiorano G (2002) Comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken. J Anim Sci 80:1202–1211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kucuk O, Hess BW, Ludden PA, Rule DC (2001) Effect of forage: concentrate ratio on ruminal digestion and duodenal flow of fatty acids in ewes. J Anim Sci 79:2233–2240

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Murrietta CM, Hess BW, Rule DC (2003) Comparison of acidic and alkaline catalysts for preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from ovine muscle with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid. Meat Sci 65:523–529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Malau-Aduli AEO, Siebert BD, Bottema CDK, Pitchford WS (1998) Breed comparison of the fatty acid composition of muscle phospholipids in jersey and limousin cattle. J Anim Sci 76:766–773

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Estévez Garcia M, Cava R (2004) Plasmalogens in pork: aldehyde composition and changes in aldehyde profile during refrigerated storage of raw and cooked meat. Food Chem 85:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Wolff RL (2002) Characterization of trans-monounsaturated alkenyl chains in total plasmalogens (1-O-alk-1′-enyl-2-acyl glycerophospholipids) from sheep heart. Lipids 37:811–816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. White DA (1973) The phospholipid composition of mammalian tissue. In: Ansell GB, Hawthorne JN, Dawson RMC (eds) Form and function of phospholipids. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 441–482

    Google Scholar 

  80. Precht D, Molkentin J (2000) Recent trends in the fatty acid composition of German sunflower margarines, shortenings and cooking fats with emphasis on individual C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and 20:1 trans isomers. Nahrung 44:222–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Precht D, Hagemeister H, Kanitz W, Voigt J (2002) Trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat from dairy cows fed a rumen-protected linoleic acid rich diet. Kieler Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte 54:225–242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bauman DE, Barbano DM, Dwyer DA, Griinari JM (2000) Production of butter with enhanced conjugated linoleic acid for use in biomedical studies with animal models. J Dairy Sci 83:2422–2425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Madron MS, Peterson DG, Dwyer DA, Corl BA, Baumgard LH, Beermann DH, Bauman DE (2002) Effect of extruded full-fat soybeans on conjugated linoleic acid content of intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat in beef steers. J Anim Sci 80:1135–1143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Gillis MH, Duckett SK, Sackmann JR (2004) Effects of supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid or corn oil on fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 82:1419–1427

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Griinari JM, Dwyer DA, McGuire MA, Bauman DE, Palmquist DL, Nurmela KVV (1998). Trans-octadecenoic acids and milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 81:1251–1261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Jurjanz S, Monteils V, Juaneda P, Laurent F (2004) Variations of trans octadecenoic acid in milk fat induced by feeding different starch-based diets to cows. Lipids 39:19–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Loor JJ, Ferlay A, Ollier A, Doreau M, Chilliard Y (2005) Relationship among trans and conjugated fatty acids and bovine milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and linseed oil. J Dairy Sci 88:726–740

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Latham MJ, Storry JE, Sharpe ME (1972) Effect of low-roughage diets on the microflora and lipid metabolism in the rumen. Appl Microbiol 24:871–877

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Elias A, Garcia R, Cordero J, Gomez E. (1996) Change in the population of some physiological groups of ruminal bacteria of grazing cows supplemented with concentrates. Cuban J Agric Sci 30:165–170

    Google Scholar 

  90. Klieve AV, Hennessy D, Ouwerkerk D, Forster RJ, Mackie RI, Attwood GT (2003) Establishing populations of Megasphaera elsdenii YE 34 and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YE 44 in the rumen of cattle fed high grain diets. J Appl Microbiol 95:621–630

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kepler CR, Hirons KP, McNeill JJ, Tove SB (1966) Intermediates and products of the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. J Biol Chem 241:1350–1354

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kim YJ, Liu RH, Bond DR, Russell JB (2000) Effect of linoleic acid concentration on conjugated linoleic acid production by Butyrivibrio fibriosolvens A38. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:5226–5230

    Google Scholar 

  93. Tajima K, Aminov RI, Nagamine T, Matsui H, Nakamura M, Benno Y (2001) Diet-dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2766–2774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kim YJ, Liu RH, Rychlik JL, Russell JB (2002) The enrichment of a ruminal bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii YJ-4) that produces the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J Appl Microbiol 92:976–982

    Google Scholar 

  95. Yurawecz MP, Roach JAG, Sehat N, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Frische J, Steinhart H, Ku Y (1998) A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cis-octadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue. Lipids 33:803–809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sébédio J-L, Juanéda P, Dobson G, Ramilison I, Martin JC, Chardigny JM, Christie WW (1997) Metabolites of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (CLA) in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1345:5–10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Sébédio J-L, Chardigny JM, Berdeaux O (2003) Metabolism of conjugated linoleic acids. In: Sébédio J-L, Christie WW, Adlof R (eds) Advances in conjugated linoleic acid research, vol 2. AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp 259–266

  98. Lucchi L, Banni S, Melis MP, Angioni E, Carta G, Casu V, Rapana R, Ciuffreda A, Corongiu FP, Albertazzi A (2000) Changes in conjugated linoleic acid and its metabolites in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 58:1695–1702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Cabiddu A, Decandia M, Addis M, Piredda G, Pirisi A, Molle G (2005) Managing mediterranean pastures in order to enhance the level of beneficial fatty acids in sheep milk. Small Rumin Res 59:169–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The current work was financially supported by the Ministero dell’Istruzione dell’Università e della Ricerca. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Marta Hernandez. Contribution number S290 from the Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy

    Viviana Santercole, Rina Mazzette & Enrico P. L. De Santis

  2. Department of Experimental Biology, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy

    Sebastiano Banni

  3. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Agricultural Research Division, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Laki Goonewardene

  4. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research Program, N1G 5C9, Guelph, ON, Canada

    John K. G. Kramer

Authors
  1. Viviana Santercole
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rina Mazzette
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Enrico P. L. De Santis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sebastiano Banni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Laki Goonewardene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. John K. G. Kramer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John K. G. Kramer.

About this article

Cite this article

Santercole, V., Mazzette, R., De Santis, E.P.L. et al. Total Lipids of Sarda Sheep Meat that Include the Fatty Acid and Alkenyl Composition and the CLA and Trans-18:1 Isomers. Lipids 42, 361–382 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-3003-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-3003-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation