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Polyunsaturated n−3 fatty acids and the development of atopic disease

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Lipids

Abstract

The relationship between polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids and atopy has been discussed for decades. Higher levels of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and lower levels of their longer metabolites in plasma phospholipids of atopic as compared to nonatopic individuals have been reported by several, but not all, studies. Largely similar findings have been reported in studies of cell membranes from immunological cells from atopics and nonatopics despite differences in methodology, study groups, and definitions of atopy. An imbalance in the metabolism of the n−6 fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, leading to an inappropriate synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGE1 was hypothesized early on but has not been corroborated. The fatty acid composition of human milk is dependent on the time of lactation not only during a breast meal but also the time of the day and the period of lactation. This explains the discrepancies in reported findings regarding the relationship between milk fatty acids and atopic disease in the mother. Prospective studies show disturbances in both the n−6 and n−3 fatty acid composition between milk from atopic and nonatopic mothers. Only the composition of long-chain polyunsaturated n−3 fatty acids was related to atopic development in the children, however. A relationship between lower levels of n−3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5 n−3), and early development of atopic disease is hypothesized.

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Abbreviations

AA:

arachidonic acid, 20∶4n−6

ALA:

α-linolenic acid, 18∶3n−3

APC:

antigen-presenting cells

DHA:

docosahexaenoic acid, 22∶6n−3

DHGLA:

dihomo-γ-linoleic acid, 20∶3n−6

DPA:

docosapentaenoic acid, 22∶5n−3

DTA:

docosatetraenoic acid, 22∶4n−6

EFA:

essential fatty acids

EPA:

elcosapentaenoic acid, 20∶5n−3

GLA:

γ-linolenic acid, 18∶3n−6

Ig:

immunoglobulin

IL:

interleukin

LA:

linoleic acid, 18∶2n−6

LC-PUFA:

long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

LTB4 :

leukotriene B4

LTB5 :

leukotriene B5

MCSFA:

medium-chain saturated fatty acids

PGE1 :

prostaglandin E1

PGE2 :

prostaglandin E2

PUFA:

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Th:

T helper

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health and Environment, Linköping University Hospital, S-581 65, Linköping, Sweden

    Karel Duchén

  2. Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    Bengt Björkstén

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  1. Karel Duchén
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  2. Bengt Björkstén
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Correspondence to Karel Duchén.

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Duchén, K., Björkstén, B. Polyunsaturated n−3 fatty acids and the development of atopic disease. Lipids 36, 1033–1042 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-001-0814-5

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