Abstract
Due to their theoretically identical genetic background, citrus callus and other plant tissues may share some mechanisms in the regulation of carotenogenesis. Thus, in order to gain further information on light regulation of carotenoids biosynthesis in citrus, the carotenoids and expression profiles of carotenogenesis in calluses of four citrus genotypes treated with light or dark were investigated. As a response to white light, results showed that carotenoids biosynthesis in callus of Red Marsh grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) was hampered, whereas callus of Tarocco blood orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was sensitive to light by accumulating over 55% more carotenoids on average. Among the detected carotenoids, the biosynthesis of carotenes seemed to be more sensitive than that of xanthophylls. Expression profiles of eight carotenogenesis genes encoding phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), carotenoids isomerase (CRTISO) etc. were investigated. Results revealed that PSY was up regulated in calluses of two sweet oranges, and down regulated in callus of Murcott tangor (C. reticulata × C. sinensis). Biochemical data in the three genotypes emphasized the PSY as a rate-limiting gene in the carotenogenesis. However, in the callus of Red Marsh grapefruit, PDS and ZDS might be the rate-limiting genes, and their transcripts were apparently inhibited by light, led to significant decreases in contents of β-carotene and total carotenoids irrelevant to transcription levels of PSY. Expression of CRTISO was light-induced, especially in the callus of Murcott tangor, and increased by nearly 12-fold. In conclusion, light regulates the expression of several carotenogenesis genes in citrus callus, but may not necessarily result in significant changes in carotenoids production.
We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.
Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.
We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.
Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.
References
Alba R, Cordonnier-Pratt MM, Pratt LH (2000) Fruit-localized phytochromes regulate lycopene accumulation independently of ethylene production in tomato. Plant Physiol 123:363–370
Bartley GE, Scolnik PA, Beyer P (1999) Two Arabidopsis thaliana carotene desaturases, phytoene desaturase and ζ-carotene desaturase, expressed in Escherichia coli, catalyze a poly-cis pathway to yield pro-lycopene. Eur J Biochem 259:396–403
Breitenbach J, Sandmann G (2005) Zeta-carotene cis isomers as products and substrates in the plant poly-cis carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to lycopene. Planta 220:785–793
Cazzonelli CI, Pogson BJ (2010) Source to sink: regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Trends Plant Sci 15:266–274
Chen Y, Li F, Wurtzel ET (2010) Isolation and characterization of the Z-ISO gene encoding a missing component of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Plant Physiol 153:66–79
Demmig-Adams B, Gilmore AM, Adams WW (1996) Carotenoids 3: in vivo function of carotenoids in higher plants. FASEB J 10:403–412
Goodwin JR, Hafner LM, Fredericks PM (2006) Raman spectroscopic study of the heterogeneity of microcolonies of a pigmented bacterium. J Raman Spectrosc 37:932–936
Ishikawa M, Fujiwara M, Sonoike K, Sato N (2009) Orthogenomics of photosynthetic organisms: bioinformatic and experimental analysis of chloroplast proteins of endosymbiont origin in Arabidopsis and their counterparts in Synechocystis. Plant Cell Physiol 50:773–788
Kato M, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Sugiura M, Hyodo H, Yano M (2004) Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during maturation in citrus fruit. Plant Physiol 134:824–837
Lee HS (2000) Objective measurement of red grapefruit juice color. J Agric Food Chem 48:1507–1511
Li L, Paolillo DJ, Parthasarathy MV, DiMuzio EM, Garvin DF (2001) A novel gene mutation that confers abnormal patterns of β-carotene accumulation in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Plant J 26:59–67
Li FQ, Murillo C, Wurtzel ET (2007) Maize Y9 encodes a product essential for 15-cis-zeta-carotene isomerization. Plant Physiol 144:1181–1189
Liu Y, Liu Q, Tao N, Deng X (2006) Efficient isolation of RNA from fruit peel and of ripening navel orange (Citrus sinensis osbeck). J Huazhong Agric Univ 25:300–304
Liu Q, Xu J, Liu YZ, Zhao XL, Deng XX, Guo LL, Gu JQ (2007) A novel bud mutation that confers abnormal patterns of lycopene accumulation in sweet orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). J Exp Bot 58:4161–4171
Mayer MP, Beyer P, Kleinig H (1990) Quinone compounds are able to replace molecular oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in phytoene desaturation in chromoplasts of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. Eur J Biochem 191:359–363
Murashige T, Tucker DPH (1969). Growth factor requirements of citrus tissue culture. In: Chapman HD (ed), Proceedings of the first international citrus symposium, vol. 3. University of California, Riverside, pp 1155–1161
Rapisarda P, Fanella F, Maccarone E (2000) Reliability of analytical methods for determining anthocyanins in blood orange juices. J Agric Food Chem 48:2249–2252
Rodrigo MJ, Marcos JF, Zacarias L (2004) Biochemical and molecular analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis in flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) during fruit development and maturation. J Agric Food Chem 52:6724–6731
Salvini M, Bernini A, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C (2005) cDNA cloning and expression of the phytoene synthase gene in sunflower. J Plant Physiol 162:479–484
Simkin AJ, Zhu CF, Kuntz M, Sandmann G (2003) Light-dark regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum) leaves. J Plant Physiol 160:439–443
von Lintig J, Welsch R, Bonk M, Giuliano G, Batschauer A, Kleinig H (1997) Light-dependent regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis occurs at the level of phytoene synthase expression and is mediated by phytochrome in Sinapis alba and Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Plant J 12:625–634
Welsch R, Beyer P, Hugueney P, Kleinig H, von Lintig J (2000) Regulation and activation of phytoene synthase, a key enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, during photomorphogenesis. Planta 211:846–854
Welsch R, Medina J, Giuliano G, Beyer P, von Lintig J (2003) Structural and functional characterization of the phytoene synthase promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 216:523–534
Welsch R, Maass D, Voegel T, DellaPenna D, Beyer P (2007) Transcription factor RAP2.2 and its interacting partner SINAT2: Stable elements in the carotenogenesis of Arabidopsis leaves. Plant Physiol 145:1073–1085
Welsch R, Wust F, Bar C, Al-Babili S, Beyer P (2008) A third phytoene synthase is devoted to abiotic stress-induced abscisic acid formation in rice and defines functional diversification of phytoene synthase genes. Plant Physiol 147:367–380
Xu J, Liu B, Liu X, Gao H, Deng X (2011) Carotenoids synthesized in citrus callus of different genotypes. Acta Physiol Plant 33:745–753
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31071762, 30771482 and 30921002). We thank Drs. Jihong Liu and Jiancheng Zhang for their helpful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by K. Trebacz.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gao, H., Xu, J., Liu, X. et al. Light effect on carotenoids production and expression of carotenogenesis genes in citrus callus of four genotypes. Acta Physiol Plant 33, 2485–2492 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0793-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0793-x