Abstract
Stainless steel splats were deposited on 304 stainless substrates with different thicknesses of oxide layer to examine the effect of substrate oxidation on splat morphology and splat-substrate interface bonding by inert low-pressure plasma spraying. The cross sections of splats showing the splat-substrate interface were prepared by focus ion beam (FIB). The splat morphology and splat-substrate interface bonding state were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The interface bonding was also examined by an electrolytic etching process. Results showed that with increasing oxide layer thickness and surface roughness, the morphology of splat changed from disk shape to splashed finger-like shape. The examination into the interface bonding by using FIB-prepared cross-sectional samples revealed that the splat interface bonding depended on the oxide roughness and composition. The interface bonding with a ratio of 44% was formed at the inner part of a splat on the pre-oxidized substrate when iron oxide presented on the surface, and the roughness of oxide scale was <5 nm. When the pre-oxidizing temperature exceeded 800 °C, the surface roughness increased to 14 nm and chromium oxide covered the pre-oxidized surface, resulting in no effective bonding forming at the whole interface. Thus, surface roughness and oxide composition have a significant influence on the splat interface bonding formation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C.J. Li and A. Ohmori, Relationships Between the Microstructure and Properties of Thermally Sprayed Deposits, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2002, 11(3), p 365-374
C.-J. Li and G.-J. Yang, Relationships Between Feedstock Structure, Particle Parameter, Coating Deposition, Microstructure and Properties for Thermally Sprayed Conventional and Nanostructured WC–Co, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2013, 39, p 2-17
S.P. Wang, G.X. Wang, and E.F. Matthys, Deposition of a Molten Layer of High Melting Point Material: Substrate Melting and Resolidification, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, 262(1-2), p 25-32
U. Bardi, L. Carrafiello, R. Groppetti, F. Niccolai, G. Rizzi, A. Scrivani, and F. Tedeschi, On the Surface Preparation of Nickel Superalloys before CoNiCrAlY Deposition by Thermal Spray, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 184(2-3), p 156-162
V. Pershin, M. Lufitha, S. Chandra, and J. Mostaghimi, Effect of Substrate Temperature on Adhesion Strength of Plasma-Sprayed Nickel Coatings, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2003, 12(3), p 370-376
K. Yang, M. Fukumoto, T. Yasui, and M. Yamada, Study of Substrate Preheating on Flattening Behavior of Thermal-Sprayed Copper Particles, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19(6), p 1195-1205
C.-J. Li, C.-X. Li, G.-J. Yang, and Y.-Y. Wang, Examination of Substrate Surface Melting-Induced Splashing During Splat Formation in Plasma Spraying, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2006, 15(4), p 717-724
M. Fukumoto, T. Yamaguchi, M. Yamada, and T. Yasui, Splash Splat to Disk Splat Transition Behavior in Plasma-Sprayed Metallic Materials, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2007, 16(5-6), p 905-912
K. Yang, M. Liu, and C. Deng, Adhesion Strength of Cu Coating on Substrate at Different Temperatures, Surf. Eng., 2014, 30(11), p 814-821
S. Sampath and X. Jiang, Splat Formation and Microstructure Development during Plasma Spraying: Deposition Temperature Effects, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 304-306, p 144-150
X. Jiang, Y. Wan, H. Herman, and S. Sampath, Role of Condensates and Adsorbates on Substrate Surface on Fragmentation of Impinging Molten Droplets During Thermal Spray, Thin Solid Films, 2001, 385(1-2), p 132-141
H. Li, S. Costil, H.L. Liao, C.J. Li, M. Planche, and C. Coddet, Effects of Surface Conditions on the Flattening Behavior of Plasma Sprayed Cu Splats, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 200(18-19), p 5435-5446
J. Cedelle, M. Vardelle, and P. Fauchais, Influence of Stainless Steel Substrate Preheating on Surface Topography and on Millimeter- and Micrometer-sized Splat Formation, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201(3-4), p 1373-1382
C. Moreau, P. Gougeon, and M. Lamontagne, Influence of Substrate Preparation on the Flattening and Cooling of Plasma-Sprayed Particles, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1995, 4(1), p 25-32
D.K. Christoulis, D.I. Pantelis, N. De Dave-Fabrègue, F. Borit, V. Guipont, and M. Jeandin, Effect of Substrate Temperature and Roughness on the Solidification of Copper Plasma Sprayed Droplets, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, 485(1-2), p 119-129
A. McDonald, C. Moreau, and S. Chandra, Effect of Substrate Oxidation on Spreading of Plasma-Sprayed Nickel on Stainless Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, 202(1), p 23-33
M. Fukumoto, K. Yang, K. Tanaka, T. Usami, T. Yasui, and M. Yamada, Effect of Substrate Temperature and Ambient Pressure on Heat Transfer at Interface Between Molten Droplet and Substrate Surface, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20(1-2), p 48-58
S. Goutier, M. Vardelle, and P. Fauchais, Last Developments in Diagnostics to Follow Splats Formation during Plasma Spraying, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser., 2011, 275(1), p 1-10
A. McDonald, C. Moreau, and S. Chandra, Thermal Contact Resistance Between Plasma-Sprayed Particles and Flat Surfaces, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 2007, 50(9-10), p 1737-1749
Y. Tanaka and M. Fukumoto, Investigation of Dominating Factors on Flattening Behavior of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Particles, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1999, 120-121, p 124-130
C.-J. Li and J.-L. Li, Evaporated-Gas-Induced Splashing Model for Splat Formation During Plasma Spraying, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2004, 184(1), p 13-23
H.D. Steffens, B. Wielage, and J. Drozak, Interface Phenomena and Bonding Mechanism of Thermally-Sprayed Metal and Ceramic Composites, Surf. Coat. Technol., 1991, 45, p 299-308
G.-J. Yang, C.-X. Li, S. Hao, Y.-Z. Xing, E.-J. Yang, and C.-J. Li, Critical Bonding Temperature for the Splat Bonding Formation During Plasma Spraying of Ceramic Materials, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2013, 235, p 841-847
G.-J. Yang, X.H. Kang, C.-X. Li, and C.-J. Li, Influence of Deposition Temperature on the Splat Bonding and Mechanical Properties of Plasma-Sprayed Tungsten Coatings, Rare Met. Mater. Eng., 2012, 41(S1), p 394-398
A.A. Syed, A. Denoirjean, B. Hannoyer, P. Fauchais, P. Denoirjean, A.A. Khan, and J.C. Labbe, Influence of Substrate Surface Conditions on the Plasma Sprayed Ceramic and Metallic Particles Flattening, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 200(7), p 2317-2331
W. Trompetter, M. Hyland, D. McGrouther, P. Munroe, and A. Markwitz, The Effect of Substrate Surface Oxides on the Bonding of NiCr Alloy Particles HVAF Thermally Sprayed onto Aluminum Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19(5), p 1024-1031
S. Brossard, P.R. Munroe, A. Tran, and M.M. Hyland, Study of the Splat-Substrate Interface for a NiCr Coating Plasma Sprayed onto Polished Aluminum and Stainless Steel Substrates, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2010, 19(1-2), p 24-30
G. Betz, G.K. Wehner, and L. Toth, Composition-vs-Depth Profiles Obtained with Auger Electron Spectroscopy of Air-Oxidized Stainless-Steel Surfaces, J. Appl. Phys., 1974, 45(12), p 5312-5316
P. Swift, Adventitious Carbon: The Panacea for Energy Referencing?, Surf. Interface Anal., 1982, 4(2), p 47-51
C.S. Doyle, C.K. Seal, and B.J. James, Evolution of Steel Surface Composition with Heating in Vacuum and in Air, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2011, 257(23), p 10005-10017
A.R. Gonzalez-Elipe, J.P. Espinos, A. Fernandez, and G. Munuera, XPS Study of the Surface Carbonation/hydroxylation State of Metal Oxides, Appl. Surf. Sci., 1990, 45(2), p 103-108
S.-W. Yao, C.-J. Li, J.-J. Tian, G.-J. Yang, and C.-X. Li, Conditions and Mechanisms for the Bonding of a Molten Ceramic Droplet to a Substrate after High-Speed Impact, Acta Mater., 2016, 119, p 9-25
C.-J. Li and J.-L. Li, Transient Contact Pressure During Flattening of Thermal Spray Droplet and its Effect on Splat Formation, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2004, 13(2), p 229-238
S. Goutier, M. Vardelle, and P. Fauchais, Understanding of Spray Coating Adhesion Through the Formation of a Single Lamella, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21(3-4), p 522-530
P. Fauchais, A. Vardelle, M. Vardelle, and M. Fukumoto, Knowledge Concerning Splat Formation: An Invited Review, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2004, 13(3), p 337-360
E.-J. Yang, X.-T. Luo, G.-J. Yang, C.-X. Li, and C.-J. Li, A TEM Study of the Microstructure of Plasma-Sprayed YSZ Near Inter-splat Interfaces, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2015, 24(6), p 907-914
S.-W. Yao, G.-J. Yang, C.-X. Li, X.-T. Luo, and C.-J. Li, Understanding the Formation of the Limited Inter-Lamellar Bonding in Thermal Spray Ceramic Coatings Based on the Intrinsic Bonding Temperature Concept, J. Thermal Spray Technol., 2016, 25(8). doi:10.1007/s11666-016-0464-y
Acknowledgments
The present project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51474171).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is an invited paper selected from presentations at the 2016 International Thermal Spray Conference, held May 10–12, 2016, in Shanghai, P.R. China, and has been expanded from the original presentation.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, J., Li, CJ., Yang, GJ. et al. Effect of Oxidation on the Bonding Formation of Plasma-Sprayed Stainless Steel Splats onto Stainless Steel Substrate. J Therm Spray Tech 26, 47–59 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-016-0488-3
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-016-0488-3