Abstract
Over the past years, the demand for the wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is potentially increased, and it has become a promising alternative to subtractive manufacturing. Research reported that the wire arc additively manufactured (WAAMed) material’s mechanical properties are comparable to wrought or cast material. In comparison with other fusion sources, WAAM offers a significant cost saving and a higher deposition rate. However, there are significant challenges associated with WAAM such as undesirable microstructures and mechanical properties, high residual stresses, and distortion. Thus, more research is still needed to handle the above challenges by optimizing the process parameters and post-deposition heat treatment. In line with the above, this paper attempts to fill the gap by presenting a comprehensive review of WAAM literature including stagewise development of WAAM, metals and alloys used, effects of process parameters, methodologies used by various researchers to improve the quality of WAAM component. Besides, this work proposes the areas that could be used as avenues for future research.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Su, X. Chen, C. Gao and Y. Wang, Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Mg Alloys Fabricated by WAAM, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2019, 486, p 431–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.04.255
ASTM International. F2792-12a - Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies. Rapid. Manuf. Assoc. (2013), pp. 10–2. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1520/F2792-12A.2
O. Ivanova, C. Williams and T. Campbell, Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Nanotechnology: Promises and Challenges, Rapid Prototyp. J., 2013, 19, p 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-12-2011-0127
M. Dinovitzer, X. Chen, J. Laliberte, X. Huang and H. Frei, Effect of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) Process Parameters on Bead Geometry and Microstructure, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 26, p 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.12.013
S.W. Williams, F. Martina, A.C. Addison, J. Ding, G. Pardal and P. Colegrove, Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Technol. (United Kingdom), 2016, 32, p 641–647. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284715Y.0000000073
T. DebRoy, H.L. Wei, J.S. Zuback, T. Mukherjee, J.W. Elmer, J.O. Milewski et al., Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components—Process, Structure and Properties, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2018, 92, p 112–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.10.001
S. Reddy, V. Madhava and C.S. Reddy, 3-D Printing Technologies and Processes—A Review International Organization of Scientific Research, IOSR J. Eng., 2017, 07, p 1–14.
J.M. Flynn, A. Shokrani, S.T. Newman and V. Dhokia, Hybrid Additive and Subtractive Machine Tools—Research and Industrial Developments, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 2016, 101, p 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2015.11.007
P.K. Gokuldoss, S. Kolla and J. Eckert, Additive Manufacturing Processes: Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting and Binder Jetting-Selection Guidelines, Materials (Basel), 2017 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10060672
H. Bikas, P. Stavropoulos and G. Chryssolouris, Additive Manufacturing Methods and Modeling Approaches: A Critical Review, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 83, p 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7576-2
N. Guo and M.C. Leu, Additive Manufacturing: Technology, Applications and Research Needs, Front. Mech. Eng., 2013, 8, p 215–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-013-0248-8
J.D. Spencer, P.M. Dickens and C.M. Wykes, Rapid Prototyping of Metal Parts by Three-Dimensional Welding, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., 1998, 212, p 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1243/0954405981515590
Y.M. Zhang, Y. Chen, P. Li and A.T. Male, Weld Deposition-Based Rapid Prototyping: A Preliminary Study, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 135, p 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00867-1
J.H. Ouyang, H. Wang and R. Kovacevic, Rapid Prototyping of 5356-Aluminum Alloy Based on Variable Polarity Gas Tungsten Arc Welding: Process Control and Microstructure, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2002, 17, p 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1081/AMP-120002801
P. Kazanas, P. Deherkar, P. Almeida, H. Lockett and S. Williams, Fabrication of Geometrical Features Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B J. Eng. Manuf., 2012, 226, p 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954405412437126
C.R. Cunningham, J.M. Flynn, A. Shokrani, V. Dhokia and S.T. Newman, Invited Review Article: Strategies and Processes for High Quality Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 22, p 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.020
A. Horgar, H. Fostervoll, B. Nyhus, X. Ren, M. Eriksson and O.M. Akselsen, Additive Manufacturing Using WAAM with AA5183 Wire, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 259, p 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.04.014
W.E. Frazier, Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2014, 23, p 1917–1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z
J.L. Prado-Cerqueira, J.L. Diéguez and A.M. Camacho, Preliminary Development of a Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing System (WAAM), Procedia Manuf., 2017, 13, p 895–902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.154
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, Wire-Feed Additive Manufacturing of Metal Components: Technologies, Developments and Future Interests, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015, 81, p 465–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7077-3
W.J. Sames, F.A. List, S. Pannala, R.R. Dehoff and S.S. Babu, The Metallurgy and Processing Science of Metal Additive Manufacturing, Int. Mater. Rev., 2016, 61, p 315–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2015.1116649
V. Bhavar, P. Kattire, V. Patil, S. Khot, K. Gujar and R. Singh, A Review on Powder Bed Fusion Technology of Metal Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf. Handb. Prod. Dev. Def. Ind., 2017 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315119106
B. Dutta, F.H. Froes (Sam). The Additive Manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys. Met. Powder. Rep. 72: 96–106 (2017). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2016.12.062
I. Tabernero, A. Paskual, P. Álvarez and A. Suárez, Study on Arc Welding Processes for High Deposition Rate Additive Manufacturing, Procedia CIRP, 2018, 68, p 358–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.12.095
J.Y. Bai, C.L. Fan, S. Lin, C.L. Yang and B.L. Dong, Effects of Thermal Cycles on Microstructure Evolution of 2219-Al During GTA-Additive Manufacturing, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 87, p 2615–2623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8633-1
R. Baker, Method of making decorative articles. U.S. Pat. 1925:1–3
Eschholz OH, Ornamental Arc Welding, U.S. Patent 1533239, 1925
H.K. Shockey, Machine for Reclaiming Worn Brake Drum, ACM SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph, 1930, 28, p 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1145/178951.178972
A. Ujiie, US3558846A—Method of and Apparatus for Constructing Substantially Circular Cross Section Vessel by Welding. Google Patents (1966)
P. Conference, D. Hauber, S. Foundation, A. Arbor, United States Patent (19) (2009)
P.M. Sequeira Almeida, S. Williams, Innovative process model of Ti-6Al-4V additive layer manufacturing using cold metal transfer (CMT). 21st Annu Int Solid Free Fabr Symp—An Addit Manuf Conf SFF (2010) 2010: 25–36
https://www.gefertec.de/en/start-2/ n.d. https://www.gefertec.de/en/start-2/
Company Website. Keystone Synergistic Enterprises n.d. https://www.keystonehq.com/ (accessed September 8, 2020)
Website C. Norsk Titanium | Technology n.d. https://www.norsktitanium.com/technology (accessed September 8, 2020)
G. Venturini, F. Montevecchi, F. Bandini, A. Scippa and G. Campatelli, Feature Based Three Axes Computer Aided Manufacturing Software for Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Dedicated to Thin Walled Components, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 22, p 643–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.013
MX3D A smarter bridge n.d. https://mx3d.com/projects/smart-bridge/
A.C.M. Bekker and J.C. Verlinden, Life Cycle Assessment of Wire + arc Additive Manufacturing Compared to Green Sand Casting and CNC Milling in Stainless Steel, J. Clean. Prod., 2018, 177, p 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.148
Y. Nie, P. Zhang, X. Wu, G. Li, H. Yan and Z. Yu, Rapid Prototyping of 4043 Al-Alloy Parts by Cold Metal Transfer, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2018, 23, p 527–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2018.1438236
M.R.U. Ahsan, A.N.M. Tanvir, G.J. Seo, B. Bates, W. Hawkins, C. Lee et al., Heat-Treatment Effects on a Bimetallic Additively-Manufactured Structure (BAMS) of the Low-Carbon Steel and Austenitic-Stainless Steel, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 32, p 101036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101036
P.O. Noble, Method and Apparatus for Electric Arc Welding, U.S. Patent 1898060, (1933)
R. Carpenter Otis, H. J. K., “Method and Apparatus for Metal Coating Metal Pipes by Electric Fusion,”U.S. Patent 2427350, (1947)
White W. Pressure Roller and Method of Manufacture, U.S. Patent 3156968, (1964)
H. Brandi, Method of Making Large Structural One-Piece Parts of Metal, Particularly One-Piece Shafts, U.S. Patent 3985995, (1976)
R. Acheson, Automatic welding apparatus for weld build-up and method of achieving weld build-up, U.S. Patent 4952769 (1990)
Y.A. Song, S. Park, D. Choi and H. Jee, 3D Welding and Milling: Part I-a Direct Approach for Freeform Fabrication of Metallic Prototypes, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf., 2005, 45, p 1057–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.11.021
G. Anzalone, C. Zhang, B. Wijnen, P. Sanders, J. Pearce, et al., A Low-Cost Open-Source Metal 3-D Printer, IEEE Access, IEEE, Vol. 1, pp. 803–810 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2293018.hal-02119701
J.S. Gaddes, Parametric Development of Wire 3D Printing (2015)
S. Ríos, P.A. Colegrove and S.W. Williams, Metal Transfer Modes in Plasma Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2019, 264, p 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.08.043
G. Marinelli, F. Martina, S. Ganguly, S. Williams, H. Lewtas, D. Hancock et al., Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Unalloyed Tungsten Deposited by Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture, J. Nucl. Mater., 2019, 522, p 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.04.049
J. Xiong, G. Zhang, Z. Qiu and Y. Li, Vision-Sensing and Bead Width Control of a Single-Bead Multi-Layer Part: Material and Energy Savings in GMAW-Based Rapid Manufacturing, J. Clean. Prod., 2013, 41, p 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.009
J. Xiong, G. Zhang, H. Gao and L. Wu, Modeling of Bead Section Profile and Overlapping Beads with Experimental Validation for Robotic GMAW-Based Rapid Manufacturing, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2013, 29, p 417–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2012.09.011
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, A Multi-Bead Overlapping Model for Robotic Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2015, 31, p 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2014.08.008
Y. Ma, D. Cuiuri, N. Hoye, H. Li and Z. Pan, The Effect of Location on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Aluminides Produced by Additive Layer Manufacturing Using in-situ Alloying and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 631, p 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.051
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, A Tool-Path Generation Strategy for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2014, 73, p 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5808-5
P.A. Colegrove, H.E. Coules, J. Fairman, F. Martina, T. Kashoob, H. Mamash et al., Microstructure and Residual Stress Improvement in Wire and Arc Additively Manufactured Parts Through High-Pressure Rolling, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2013, 213, p 1782–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.04.012
B. Wu, Z. Pan, D. Ding, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, J. Xu et al., A Review of the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Metals: Properties, Defects and Quality Improvement, J. Manuf. Process., 2018, 35, p 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.08.001
X. Chen, J. Li, X. Cheng, B. He, H. Wang and Z. Huang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L Fabricated by Gas Metal Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2017, 703, p 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.05.024
J.N. Pires, A. Loureiro, G. Bölmsjo, Welding Robotics: Technology, System Issues and Application. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-191-1 Hardcover ISBN
C. Zhang, G. Li, M. Gao, J. Yan and X.Y. Zeng, Microstructure and Process Characterization of Laser-Cold Metal Transfer Hybrid Welding of AA6061 Aluminum Alloy, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2013, 68, p 1253–1260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-4916-y
Y. Ma, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, Z. Pan and C. Shen, The Effect of Postproduction Heat Treatment on γ-TiAl Alloys Produced by the GTAW-Based Additive Manufacturing Process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 657, p 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.060
B. Wu, Quality Improvement in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong (2018). https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/473
D. Ding, C. Shen, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, N. Larkin et al., Towards an Automated Robotic Arc-Welding-Based Additive Manufacturing System from CAD to Finished Part, CAD Comput. Aided Des., 2016, 73, p 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2015.12.003
T. Tarn and S. Chen, Welding, Intell. Autom., 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18997-0
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, S. van Duin, Advanced Design for Additive Manufacturing: 3D Slicing and 2D Path Planning. New Trends 3D Print, 3–24 (2016). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5772/63042
Y.K. Bandari, S.W. Williams, J. Ding, F. Martina, Additive Manufacture of Large Structures: Robotic or CNC Systems? Proc - 26th Annu Int Solid Free Fabr Symp—An Addit Manuf Conf SFF 2015 2020:17–25
J. Xiong, Z. Yin and W. Zhang, Closed-Loop Control of Variable Layer width for Thin-Walled Parts in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 233, p 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.02.021
J. Xiong, Y. Zhang and Y. Pi, Control of Deposition Height in WAAM using Visual Inspection of Previous and Current Layers, J. Intell. Manuf., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-020-01634-6
S. Zhang, J. Li, H. Kou, J. Yang, G. Yang and J. Wang, Effects of Thermal History on the Microstructure Evolution of Ti-6Al-4V During Solidification, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 227, p 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.08.030
H. Geng, J. Li, J. Xiong, X. Lin and F. Zhang, Optimization of Wire Feed for GTAW Based Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 243, p 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.027
Y. Tian, J. Shen, S. Hu, Z. Wang and J. Gou, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V and AlSi5 Dissimilar Alloys Using Cold Metal Transfer Welding, J. Manuf. Process., 2019, 46, p 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.006
B. Wu, Z. Qiu, Z. Pan, K. Carpenter, T. Wang, D. Ding et al., Enhanced Interface Strength in Steel-Nickel Bimetallic Component Fabricated Using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing With Interweaving Deposition Strategy, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 52, p 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.019
Y. Tian, J. Shen, S. Hu, J. Gou and E. Kannatey-Asibu, Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V/Al–6.25Cu Dissimilar Alloys by CMT-Welding: Effect of Deposition Order on Reaction Layer, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2020, 25, p 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1629379
A. Rajesh Kannan, S. Mohan Kumar, N. Pravin Kumar, N. Siva Shanmugam, A.S. Vishnu and Y. Palguna, Process-Microstructural Features for Tailoring Fatigue Strength of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Functionally Graded Material of SS904L and Hastelloy C-276, Mater Lett, 2020, 274, p 127968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127968
X. Zhang, Q. Zhou, K. Wang, Y. Peng, J. Ding, J. Kong et al., Study on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of High Nitrogen Cr-Mn Steel Processed by CMT Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Des., 2019, 166, p 107611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107611
W. Yangfan, C. Xizhang and S. Chuanchu, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Fabricated by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing, Surf. Coatings Technol., 2019, 374, p 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.079
C. Zhang, Y. Li, M. Gao and X. Zeng, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Al-6Mg Alloy Using Variable Polarity Cold Metal Transfer Arc as Power Source, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 711, p 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.084
B. Cong, J. Ding and S. Williams, Effect of Arc Mode in Cold Metal Transfer Process on Porosity of Additively Manufactured Al-6 3 % Cu Alloy, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-6346-x
K.F. Ayarkwa, S.W. Williams and J. Ding, Assessing the Effect of TIG Alternating Current Time Cycle on Aluminium Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture, Addit. Manuf., 2017, 18, p 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.10.005
C. Gao, X. Chen, X. Chen and C. Su, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of as-Deposited and Heat-Treated Additive Manufactured 9Cr Steel, Mater. Sci. Technol. (United Kingdom), 2019, 35, p 2234–2242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1668603
J.R. Hönnige, P.A. Colegrove, S. Ganguly, E. Eimer, S. Kabra and S. Williams, Control of Residual Stress and Distortion in Aluminium Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture with Rolling, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 22, p 775–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.015
B. Wu, Z. Pan, S. Li, D. Cuiuri, D. Ding and H. Li, The Anisotropic Corrosion Behaviour of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Ti- 6Al-4V alloy in 3.5 % NaCl solution, Corros. Sci., 2018, 137, p 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.03.047
B. Wu, Z. Pan, D. Ding, D. Cuiuri, H. Li and Z. Fei, The Effects of Forced Interpass Cooling on the Material Properties of Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 258, p 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.03.024
W. Wu, J. Xue, Z. Zhang and P. Yao, Comparative Study of 316L Depositions by Two Welding Current Processes, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2019, 34, p 1502–1508. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2019.1643473
Q. Wu, J. Lu, C. Liu, X. Shi, Q. Ma, S. Tang et al., Obtaining Uniform Deposition with Variable Wire Feeding Direction During Wire-Feed Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2017, 32, p 1881–1886. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2017.1364860
M. Bambach, I. Sizova, B. Sydow, S. Hemes and F. Meiners, Hybrid Manufacturing of Components from Ti-6Al-4V by Metal Forming and Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2020, 282, p 116689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116689
L. Wang, Y. Suo, Z. Liang, D. Wang and Q. Wang, Effect of Titanium Powder on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured Al-Mg Alloy, Mater. Lett., 2019, 241, p 231–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.01.117
G. Campatelli, F. Montevecchi, G. Venturini, G. Ingarao and P.C. Priarone, Integrated WAAM-Subtractive Versus Pure Subtractive Manufacturing Approaches: An Energy Efficiency Comparison, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Green Technol., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-019-00071-y
B. Baufeld, O. Van der Biest and R. Gault, Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V Components by Shaped Metal Deposition: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Mater. Des., 2010, 31, p S106–S111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.032
B. Baufeld, E. Brandl and O. Van Der Biest, Wire Based Additive Layer Manufacturing: Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Components Fabricated by Laser-Beam Deposition and Shaped Metal Deposition, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2011, 211, p 1146–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2011.01.018
F. Wang, S. Williams, P. Colegrove and A.A. Antonysamy, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., 2013, 44, p 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1444-6
E. Brandl, B. Baufeld, C. Leyens and R. Gault, Additive Manufactured Ti-6A1-4V Using Welding Wire: Comparison of Laser and Arc Beam Deposition and Evaluation with Respect to Aerospace Material Specifications, Phys. Procedia, 2010, 5, p 595–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.08.087
J. Lin, Y. Lv, Y. Liu, Z. Sun, K. Wang, Z. Li et al., Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Property of Ti-6Al-4V Wall Deposited by Continuous Plasma Arc Additive Manufacturing Without Post Heat Treatment, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2017, 69, p 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.015
J.J. Lin, Y.H. Lv, Y.X. Liu, B.S. Xu, Z. Sun, Z.G. Li et al., Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Wall Deposited by Pulsed Plasma Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Des., 2016, 102, p 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.018
H. Attar, M.J. Bermingham, S. Ehtemam-Haghighi, A. Dehghan-Manshadi, D. Kent and M.S. Dargusch, Evaluation of the Mechanical and Wear Properties of Titanium Produced by Three Different Additive Manufacturing Methods for Biomedical Application, Mater Sci Eng A, 2019, 760, p 339–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.06.024
L. Xue, J. Xiao, Z. Nie, F. Hao, R. Chen, C. Liu et al., Dynamic Response of Ti-6.5Al–1Mo–1V–2Zr-0.1B Alloy Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020, 800, p 140310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140310
B. Wu, Z. Pan, G. Chen, D. Ding and L. Yuan, Mitigation of Thermal Distortion in Wire Arc Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Part Using Active Interpass Cooling, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2019, 0, p 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1580439
M.J. Bermingham, J. Thomson-Larkins, D.H. St John and M.S. Dargusch, Sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V Components to Oxidation During Out of Chamber Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 258, p 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.03.014
T.B. Kim, S. Yue, Z. Zhang, E. Jones, J.R. Jones and P.D. Lee, Additive manufactured Porous Titanium Structures: Through-Process Quantification Of Pore and Strut Networks, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214, p 2706–2715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.05.006
S. Tamilselvi and N. Rajendran, Electrochemical Studies on the Stability and Corrosion Resistance of Ti-5Al-2Nb-1Ta Alloy for Biomedical Applications, Trends Biomater. Artif. Organs., 2006, 20, p 49–52.
O.K. Varghese, D. Gong, M. Paulose, C.A. Grimes and E.C. Dickey, Crystallization and High-Temperature Structural Stability of Titanium Oxide Nanotube Arrays, J. Mater. Res., 2003, 18, p 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2003.0022
J. Gu, J. Ding, S.W. Williams, H. Gu, J. Bai, Y. Zhai et al., The Strengthening Effect of Inter-Layer Cold Working and Post-Deposition Heat Treatment on the Additively Manufactured Al-6.3Cu Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 651, p 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.101
A.K. Lakshminarayanan, V. Balasubramanian and K. Elangovan, Effect of Welding Processes on Tensile Properties of AA6061 Aluminium Alloy Joints, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2009, 40, p 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-007-1325-0
Z. Qi, B. Qi, B. Cong, H. Sun, G. Zhao and J. Ding, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured 2024 Aluminum Alloy Components: As-deposited and Post Heat-Treated, J. Manuf. Process., 2019, 40, p 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.03.003
J. Gu, M. Gao, S. Yang, J. Bai, J. Ding and X. Fang, Pore Formation and Evolution in Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured 2319 Al Alloy, Addit. Manuf., 2019, 30, p 100900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.100900
A.G. Ortega, L. Corona Galvan, M. Salem, K. Moussaoui, S. Segonds, S. Rouquette et al., Characterisation of 4043 Aluminium Alloy Deposits Obtained by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Using a Cold Metal Transfer Process, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2019, 24, p 538–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2018.1564986
J. Gu, X. Wang, J. Bai, J. Ding, S. Williams, Y. Zhai et al., Deformation microstructures and strengthening mechanisms for the wire+arc additively manufactured Al-Mg45Mn alloy with inter-layer rolling, Mater Sci Eng A, 2018, 712, p 292–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.113
L.E. Murr, S.M. Gaytan, A. Ceylan, E. Martinez, J.L. Martinez, D.H. Hernandez et al., Characterization of Titanium Aluminide Alloy Components Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing Using Electron Beam Melting, Acta Mater., 2010, 58, p 1887–1894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.11.032
D.T. Sarathchandra, M.J. Davidson and G. Visvanathan, Parameters Effect on SS304 Beads Deposited by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2020, 00, p 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1743852
W. Aiyiti, W. Zhao, B. Lu and Y. Tang, Investigation of the Overlapping Parameters of MPAW-Based Rapid Prototyping, Rapid. Prototyp. J., 2006, 12, p 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540610670744
X. Xu, S. Ganguly, J. Ding, S. Guo, S. Williams and F. Martina, Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Maraging Steel Produced by Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture Process, Mater. Charact., 2018, 143, p 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.12.002
A. Caballero, J. Ding, S. Ganguly and S. Williams, Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture of 17–4 PH Stainless Steel: Effect of Different Processing Conditions on Microstructure, Hardness, and Tensile Strength, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2019, 268, p 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.01.007
V. Laghi, M. Palermo, L. Tonelli, G. Gasparini, L. Ceschini and T. Trombetti, Tensile Properties and Microstructural Features of 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2020, 106, p 3693–3705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04868-8
A. Karpagaraj, S. Baskaran, T. Arunnellaiappan and N.R. Kumar, A Review on the Suitability of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for Stainless Steel 316, AIP Conf. Proc., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0004148
M. Ghaffari, A. Vahedi Nemani and A. Nasiri, Interfacial Bonding Between a Wire Arc Additive Manufactured 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel Part and its Wrought Base Plate, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2020, 251, p 123199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123199
G. Bissacco, H.N. Hansen and L. De Chiffre, Micromilling of Hardened Tool Steel for Mould Making Applications, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2005, 167, p 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.05.029
L. Yan, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture (WAAM) Reusable Tooling Investigation, Sch. Appl. Sci. MRes. Weld. Eng., 2013 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
J.F. Wang, Q.J. Sun, H. Wang, J.P. Liu and J.C. Feng, Effect of Location on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additive Layer Manufactured Inconel 625 Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2016, 676, p 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.015
F.J. Xu, Y.H. Lv, B.S. Xu, Y.X. Liu, F.Y. Shu and P. He, Effect of Deposition Strategy on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 625 Superalloy Fabricated by Pulsed Plasma Arc Deposition, Mater. Des., 2013, 45, p 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.013
C.E. Seow, H.E. Coules, G. Wu, R.H.U. Khan, X. Xu and S. Williams, Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured Inconel 718: Effect of Post-Deposition Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Tensile Properties, Mater. Des., 2019, 183, p 108157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108157
A.N.M. Tanvir, M.R.U. Ahsan, G. Seo, J. Kim, C. Ji, B. Bates et al., Heat Treatment Effects on Inconel 625 Components Fabricated by Wire + Arc Additively Manufacturing (WAAM)—part 2: Mechanical Properties, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2020, 110, p 1709–1721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05980-w
A. Uriondo, M. Esperon-Miguez and S. Perinpanayagam, The Present and Future of Additive Manufacturing in the Aerospace Sector: A Review of Important Aspects, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G J. Aerosp. Eng., 2015, 229, p 2132–2147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954410014568797
G. Lu and G. Zangari, Corrosion Resistance of Ternary Ni-P Based Alloys in Sulfuric Acid Solutions, Electrochim. Acta, 2002, 47, p 2969–2979. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00198-6
B.P. Bewlay, M.R. Jackson, P.R. Subramanian and J.J. Lewandowski, Very high-Temperature Nb-Silicide-Based Composites, Proc. Int. Symp. Niobium High Temp. Appl., 2004, 34, p 51–61.
G. Marinelli, F. Martina, H. Lewtas, D. Hancock, S. Ganguly and S. Williams, Functionally Graded Structures of Refractory Metals by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2019, 24, p 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1586162
L. Liu, Z. Zhuang, F. Liu and M. Zhu, Additive Manufacturing of Steel-Bronze Bimetal by Shaped Metal Deposition: Interface Characteristics and Tensile Properties, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2013, 69, p 2131–2137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5191-7
C. Dharmendra, B.S. Amirkhiz, A. Lloyd, G.D.J. Ram and M. Mohammadi, Wire-Arc Additive Manufactured Nickel Aluminum Bronze with Enhanced Mechanical Properties Using Heat Treatments Cycles, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 36, p 101510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101510
Z. Zeng, B.Q. Cong, J.P. Oliveira, W.C. Ke, N. Schell, B. Peng et al., Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of a Ni-rich NiTi Shape Memory Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Addit. Manuf., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101051
M. Cheepu, C.I. Lee and S.M. Cho, Microstructural Characteristics of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing with Inconel 625 by Super-TIG Welding, Trans. Indian Inst. Met., 2020, 73, p 1475–1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-01915-x
M. Bauccio, ASM Metals Reference Book, ASM International, Ohio, 1993.
G. Ravi, N. Murugan and R. Arulmani, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel-625 Slab Component Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Sci. Technol. (United Kingdom), 2020, 36, p 1785–1795. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2020.1836737
B. Baufeld, Mechanical Properties of INCONEL 718 Parts Manufactured by Shaped Metal Deposition (SMD), J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2012, 21, p 1416–1421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0009-y
B.A. Szost, S. Terzi, F. Martina, D. Boisselier, A. Prytuliak, T. Pirling et al., A Comparative Study of Additive Manufacturing Techniques: Residual Stress and Microstructural Analysis of CLAD and WAAM Printed Ti-6Al-4V Components, Mater. Des., 2016, 89, p 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.115
C. Qiu, G.A. Ravi, C. Dance, A. Ranson, S. Dilworth and M.M. Attallah, Fabrication of Large Ti-6Al-4V Structures by Direct Laser Deposition, J. Alloys. Compd., 2015, 629, p 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.234
F. Wang, S. Williams and M. Rush, Morphology Investigation on Direct Current Pulsed Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Additive Layer Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2011, 57, p 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3299-1
B.E. Carroll, T.A. Palmer and A.M. Beese, Anisotropic Tensile Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Components Fabricated with Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing, Acta Mater., 2015, 87, p 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.054
Y. Xie, M. Gao, F. Wang, C. Zhang, K. Hao, H. Wang et al., Anisotropy of Fatigue Crack Growth in Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 709, p 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.064
I. Sizova, M. Hirtler, M. Günther and M. Bambach, Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing of Pre-forms for Forging of a Ti-6Al-4V Turbine Blade, AIP Conf. Proc., 2019 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112693
T. Mishurova, B. Sydow, T. Thiede, I. Sizova, A. Ulbricht, M. Bambach et al., Residual Stress and Microstructure of a Ti-6Al-4V Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Hybrid Demonstrator, Metals (Basel), 2020, 10, p 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060701
B. Wu, Z. Pan, D. Ding, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, Effects of Heat Accumulation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Deposited by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 23, p 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.004
D. Ding, B. Wu, Z. Pan, Z. Qiu and H. Li, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Ti6AL4V Using Active Interpass Cooling, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2020, 00, p 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1732414
F. Martina, S.W. Williams, P. Colegrove, Improved Microstructure and Increased Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufacture Produced TI-6AL-4V by Interpass Cold Rolling. In: 24th Int SFF Symp—An Addit Manuf Conf SFF 2013:490–6, (2013)
J. Gu, J. Ding, S.W. Williams, H. Gu, P. Ma and Y. Zhai, The Effect of Inter-Layer Cold Working and Post-Deposition Heat Treatment on Porosity in Additively Manufactured Aluminum Alloys, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 230, p 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.11.006
M. Kobayashi, Y. Dorce, H. Toda and H. Horikawa, Effect of Local Volume Fraction of Microporosity on Tensile Properties in Al-Si-Mg Cast Alloy, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2010, 26, p 962–967. https://doi.org/10.1179/174328409X441283
P.N. Anyalebechi, Hydrogen-Induced Gas Porosity Formation in Al-4.5 wt% Cu-1.4 wt% Mg Alloy, J. Mater. Sci., 2013, 48, p 5342–5353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7329-2
M. Köhler, S. Fiebig, J. Hensel and K. Dilger, Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Components, Metals (Basel), 2019, 9, p 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050608
C. Li, H. Gu, W. Wang, S. Wang, L. Ren, Z. Wang et al., Effect of Heat Input on Formability, Microstructure, and Properties of Al-7Si-06Mg Alloys Deposited by CMT-WAAM Process, Appl. Sci., 2020 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010070
X. Fang, L. Zhang, G. Chen, X. Dang, K. Huang, L. Wang et al., Correlations Between Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties in 5183 Aluminium Alloy Fabricated by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing with Different Arc Modes, Materials (Basel), 2018 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112075
S. Li, L.J. Zhang, J. Ning, X. Wang, G.F. Zhang, J.X. Zhang et al., Comparative Study on the Microstructures and Properties of Wire+Arc Additively Manufactured 5356 Aluminium Alloy with Argon and Nitrogen as the Shielding Gas, Addit. Manuf., 2020, 34, p 101206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101206
C.V. Haden, G. Zeng, F.M. Carter, C. Ruhl, B.A. Krick and D.G. Harlow, Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Steel: Tensile and Wear Properties, Addit. Manuf., 2017, 16, p 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2017.05.010
L. Wang, J. Xue and Q. Wang, Correlation Between Arc Mode, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties During Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 751, p 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.02.078
V.T. Le and D.S. Mai, Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of 308L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Gas Metal Arc Welding-Based Additive Manufacturing, Mater. Lett., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127791
M. Eriksson, M. Lervåg, C. Sørensen, A. Robertstad, B.M. Brønstad, B. Nyhus et al., Additive Manufacture of Superduplex Stainless Steel Using WAAM, MATEC Web. Conf., 2018, 188, p 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818803014
J.S. Panchagnula and S. Simhambhatla, Manufacture of Complex Thin-Walled Metallic Objects Using Weld-Deposition Based Additive Manufacturing, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2018, 49, p 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2017.06.003
J. Singh, K.S. Arora and D.K. Shukla, Dissimilar MIG-CMT Weld-Brazing of Aluminium to Steel: A Review, J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 783, p 753–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.336
T. Soysal, S. Kou, D. Tat and T. Pasang, Macrosegregation in Dissimilar-Metal Fusion Welding, Acta Mater., 2016, 110, p 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.004
W. Jin, C. Zhang, S. Jin, et al., Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steels: A Review, Appl. Sci., 2020, 10, p 1563. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051563
B. Onuike and A. Bandyopadhyay, Additive Manufacturing of INCONEL 718—Ti6Al4V Bimetallic Structures, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 22, p 844–851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.06.025
B. Xiong, C. Cai, H. Wan and B. Lu, Fabrication Of High Chromium Cast Iron and Medium Carbon Steel Bimetal by Liquid-Solid Casting In Electromagnetic Induction Field, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 2978–2982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.006
H.D. Manesh and A.K. Taheri, An Investigation of Deformation Behavior and Bonding Strength of Bimetal Strip During Rolling, Mech. Mater., 2005, 37, p 531–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2004.04.004
O. Yilmaz and H. Çelik, Electrical and Thermal Properties of the Interface at Diffusion-Bonded and Soldered 304 Stainless Steel and Copper Bimetal, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2003, 141, p 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00029-3
A. Khosravifard and R. Ebrahimi, Investigation of Parameters Affecting Interface Strength in Al/Cu Clad Bimetal Rod Extrusion Process, Mater. Des., 2010, 31, p 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.026
B.V. Krishna, P. Venugopal and K.P. Rao, Co-extrusion of Dissimilar Sintered P/M preforms—An Explored Route to Produce Bimetallic Tubes, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, 407, p 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.06.025
A.M.R. Ul, T.A.N. Mohammad, R. Taylor, E. Ahmed, O. Min-Suk and K.D. Bong, Fabrication of Bimetallic Additively Manufactured Structure (BAMS) of Low Carbon Steel and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel with Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, Rapid. Prototyp. J., 2019, 26, p 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-09-2018-0235
R.U. Ahsan, X. Fan, G. Seo, C. Ji, M. Noakes, A. Nycz et al., Microstructures and Mechanical Behavior of the Bimetallic Additively-Manufactured Structure (BAMS) of Austenitic Stainless Steel and Inconel 625, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 74, p 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.001
C. Shen, Z. Pan, Y. Ma, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, Fabrication of Iron-rich Fe-Al Intermetallics Using the Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Process, Addit. Manuf., 2015, 7, p 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2015.06.001
C.G. McKamey, A Review of Recent Developments in Fe3AL-Based Alloys, Comment Rev., 1991, 2, p 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1927.tb01400.x
B.L. Mordike and T. Ebert, Magnesium Properties—Applications—Potential, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2001, 302, p 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01351-4
J. Zhang, C. Xu, Y. Jing, S. Lv, S. Liu, D. Fang et al., New Horizon for High Performance Mg-based Biomaterial with Uniform Degradation Behavior: Formation of Stacking Faults, Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, p 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13933
F. Chai, D. Zhang and Y. Li, Effect of Thermal History on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Prepared by Friction Stir Processing, Materials (Basel), 2014, 7, p 1573–1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7031573
J. Guo, Y. Zhou, C. Liu, Q. Wu, X. Chen and J. Lu, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy: Grain Refinement by Adjusting Pulse Frequency, Materials (Basel), 2016 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100823
D. Gruyter, Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing. Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing (2019). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110549775
D.A. Martinez Holguin, S. Han and N.P. Kim, Magnesium Alloy 3D Printing by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM), MRS Adv., 2018, 3, p 2959–2964. https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.553
M.P. Mughal, H. Fawad, R.A. Mufti and M. Siddique, Deformation Modelling in Layered Manufacturing of Metallic Parts Using Gas Metal Arc Welding: Effect of Process Parameters, Model Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, 13, p 1187–1204. https://doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/13/7/013
E. Aldalur, F. Veiga, A. Suárez, J. Bilbao and A. Lamikiz, High Deposition Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Mild Steel: Strategies and Heat Input Effect on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, J. Manuf. Process., 2020, 58, p 615–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.08.060
K.S. Derekar, A. Addison, S.S. Joshi, X. Zhang, J. Lawrence, L. Xu et al., Effect of Pulsed Metal Inert Gas (pulsed-MIG) and Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Techniques on Hydrogen Dissolution in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) of Aluminium, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2020, 107, p 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-04946-2
X. Zhang, K. Wang, Q. Zhou, J. Ding, S. Ganguly, M. Grasso et al., Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TOP-TIG-wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Super Duplex Stainless Steel (ER2594), Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2019, 762, p 138097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138097
G. Liu and J. Xiong, External Filler Wire Based GMA-AM Process of 2219 Aluminum Alloy, Mater. Manuf. Process., 2020, 00, p 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1779936
K.H. Li, J.S. Chen and Y.M. Zhang, Double-Electrode GMAW Process and Control A Novel Welding Process Adds a GTAW Torch to a Conventional, Weld J, 2007, 86, p 231s–237s.
D. Yang, C. He and G. Zhang, Forming Characteristics of Thin-Wall Steel Parts by Double Electrode GMAW Based Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2016, 227, p 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.08.021
D. Yang, G. Wang and G. Zhang, Thermal Analysis for Single-Pass Multi-Layer GMAW Based Additive Manufacturing Using Infrared Thermography, J Mater Process Technol, 2017, 244, p 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.01.024
F. Montevecchi, G. Venturini, N. Grossi, A. Scippa and G. Campatelli, Idle Time Selection for Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Finite Element-Based Technique, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 21, p 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.01.007
H. Geng, J. Li, J. Xiong and X. Lin, Optimisation of Interpass Temperature and Heat Input for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing 5A06 Aluminium Alloy, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2017, 22, p 472–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2016.1259031
S. Ríos, P.A. Colegrove, F. Martina and S.W. Williams, Analytical Process Model for Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing, Addit. Manuf., 2018, 21, p 651–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.003
Y. Lei, J. Xiong and R. Li, Effect of Inter Layer Idle Time on Thermal Behavior for Multi-Layer Single-Pass Thin-Walled Parts in GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2018, 96, p 1355–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1699-1
F. Li, S. Chen, J. Shi, Y. Zhao and H. Tian, Thermoelectric Cooling-Aided Bead Geometry Regulation in Wire and Arc-Based Additive Manufacturing of Thin-Walled Structures, Appl. Sci., 2018 https://doi.org/10.3390/app8020207
F. Montevecchi, G. Venturini, N. Grossi, A. Scippa and G. Campatelli, Heat Accumulation Prevention in Wire-Arc-Additive-Manufacturing using Air Jet Impingement, Manuf. Lett., 2018, 17, p 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.06.004
V. Manvatkar, A. De and T. Debroy, Heat Transfer and Material Flow During Laser Assisted Multi-Layer Additive Manufacturing, J. Appl. Phys., 2014 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4896751
L.J. da Silva, D.M. Souza, D.B. de Araújo, R.P. Reis and A. Scotti, Concept and Validation of an Active Cooling Technique to Mitigate Heat Accumulation in WAAM, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2020, 107, p 2513–2523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05201-4
X. Xu, J. Ding, S. Ganguly, C. Diao and S. Williams, Preliminary Investigation of Building Strategies of Maraging Steel Bulk Material Using Wire + Arc Additive Manufacture, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28, p 594–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3521-5
J. Ding, P. Colegrove, J. Mehnen, S. Ganguly, P.M.S. Almeida, F. Wang et al., Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Wire and Arc Additive Layer Manufacturing Process on Large Multi-Layer Parts, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2011, 50, p 3315–3322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.06.023
G. Vastola, G. Zhang, Q.X. Pei and Y.W. Zhang, Controlling of Residual Stress in Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V by Finite Element Modeling, Addit. Manuf., 2016, 12, p 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2016.05.010
J. Ding, P. Colegrove, J. Mehnen, S. Williams, F. Wang and P.S. Almeida, A Computationally Efficient Finite Element Model of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2014, 70, p 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5261-x
J.R. Hönnige, S. Williams, M.J. Roy, P. Colegrove and S. Ganguly, Residual Stress Characterization and Control in the Additive Manufacture of Large Scale Metal Structures, Residual Stress 2016, 2017, 2, p 455–460. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781945291173-77
J.R. Hönnige, P.A. Colegrove, B. Ahmad, M.E. Fitzpatrick, S. Ganguly, T.L. Lee et al., Residual Stress and Texture Control in Ti-6Al-4V Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured Intersections by Stress Relief and Rolling, Mater. Des., 2018, 150, p 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.065
T. Mukherjee, W. Zhang and T. DebRoy, An Improved Prediction of Residual Stresses and Distortion in Additive Manufacturing, Comput. Mater. Sci., 2017, 126, p 360–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2016.10.003
F. Martina, M.J. Roy, B.A. Szost, S. Terzi, P.A. Colegrove, S.W. Williams et al., Residual Stress of as-deposited and Rolled Wire+Arc Additive Manufacturing Ti–6Al–4V Components, Mater. Sci. Technol. (United Kingdom), 2016, 32, p 1439–1448. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2016.1142704
F. Martina, M. Roy, P. Colegrove, S.W. Williams, Residual Stress Reduction in High Pressure Interpass Rolled Wire+Arc Additive Manufacturing TI-6AL-4V Components. 25th Annu Int Solid Free Fabr Symp � An Addit Manuf Conf SFF (2014), 2014:89–94
F. Li, S. Chen, J. Shi and Y. Zhao, In-process Control of Distortion in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on a Flexible Multi-Point Support Fixture, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2019, 24, p 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2018.1476083
J. Altenkirch, A. Steuwer, P.J. Withers, S.W. Williams, M. Poad and S.W. Wen, Residual Stress Engineering in Friction Stir Welds by Roller Tensioning, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2009, 14, p 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1179/136217108X388624
H. Coules, Characterising the Effects of High-Pressure Rolling on Residual Stress in Structural Steel Welds. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1094.3767 (2016)
P. Dirisu, G. Supriyo, F. Martina, X. Xu and S. Williams, Wire Plus Arc Additive Manufactured Functional Steel Surfaces Enhanced by Rolling, Int. J. Fatigue, 2020, 130, p 105237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105237
S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, M. Gao, F. Wang, Q. Li and X. Zeng, Effects of Milling Thickness on Wire Deposition Accuracy of Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Manufacturing, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2019, 24, p 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2019.1595925
J. Xiong, Y. Li, R. Li and Z. Yin, Influences of Process Parameters on Surface Roughness Of Multi-Layer Single-Pass Thin-Walled Parts in GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 252, p 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.09.020
Y. Yehorov, L.J. da Silva and A. Scotti, Balancing WAAM Production Costs and Wall Surface Quality Through Parameter Selection: A Case Study of an Al-Mg5 Alloy Multilayer-Non-Oscillated Single Pass Wall, J. Manuf. Mater. Process., 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3020032
E.A. Alberti, B.M.P. Bueno and A.S.C.M. D’Oliveira, Additive Manufacturing Using Plasma Transferred Arc, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2016, 83, p 1861–1871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-015-7697-7
J. Xiong, Y. Lei and R. Li, Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Validation of Thermal Behavior for Thin-Walled Parts in GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing with Various Substrate Preheating Temperatures, Appl. Therm. Eng., 2017, 126, p 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.168
X. Xu, J. Ding, S. Ganguly, C. Diao and S. Williams, Oxide Accumulation Effects on Wire + Arc Layer-by-Layer Additive Manufacture Process, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 252, p 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.10.030
M.J. Bermingham, D. Kent, H. Zhan, D.H. Stjohn and M.S. Dargusch, Controlling the Microstructure and Properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V with Trace Boron Additions, Acta Mater., 2015, 91, p 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.03.035
M.S. Joo, D.W. Suh and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Mechanical Anisotropy in Steels for Pipelines, ISIJ Int., 2013, 53, p 1305–1314. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.53.1305
Y. Yehorov, L.J. da Silva and A. Scotti, Exploring the Use of Switchback for Mitigating Homoepitaxial Unidirectional Grain Growth and Porosity in WAAM of Aluminium Alloys, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2019, 104, p 1581–1592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-03959-w
L.L. Parimi, G. Ravi, D. Clark and M.M. Attallah, Microstructural and Texture Development in Direct Laser Fabricated IN718, Mater. Charact., 2014, 89, p 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2013.12.012
G.P. Dinda, A.K. Dasgupta and J. Mazumder, Texture Control During Laser Deposition of Nickel-Based Superalloy, Scr. Mater., 2012, 67, p 503–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.06.014
V.R. Duarte, T.A. Rodrigues, N. Schell, R.M. Miranda, J.P. Oliveira and T.G. Santos, Hot Forging Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (HF-WAAM), Addit. Manuf., 2020, 35, p 101193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101193
X. Xu, S. Ganguly, J. Ding, C.E. Seow and S. Williams, Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Wire + Arc Additively Manufactured INCONEL 718 Superalloy Through in-Process Thermomechanical Processing, Mater. Des., 2018, 160, p 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.10.038
A. Rajesh Kannan, N. Siva Shanmugam, V. Rajkumar and M. Vishnukumar, Insight into the Microstructural Features and Corrosion Properties of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Super Duplex Stainless Steel (ER2594), Mater. Lett., 2020, 270, p 127680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127680
D.X. Wen, P. Long, J.J. Li, L. Huang and Z.Z. Zheng, Effects of Linear Heat Input on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of an Austenitic Stainless Steel Processed by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Vacuum, 2020, 173, p 109131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.109131
J. Yang, H. Yang, H. Yu and Z. Wang, Corrosion Behavior of Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in NaCl Solution, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2017, 48, p 3583–3593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4087-9
L.N. Zhang and O.A. Ojo, Corrosion Behavior of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Inconel 718 Superalloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2020, 829, p 154455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154455
L. Vázquez, N. Rodríguez, I. Rodríguez, E. Alberdi and P. Álvarez, Influence of Interpass Cooling Conditions on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Manufactured by WAAM, Weld. World, 2020, 64, p 1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-00921-3
B. Parvaresh, R. Salehan and R. Miresmaeili, Investigating Isotropy of Mechanical and Wear Properties in As-Deposited and Inter-Layer Cold Worked Specimens Manufactured by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, Met. Mater. Int., 2020 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00793-8
X. Fang, L. Zhang, G. Chen, K. Huang, F. Xue, L. Wang et al., Microstructure Evolution of Wire-Arc Additively Manufactured 2319 Aluminum Alloy with Interlayer Hammering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140168
F. Li, S. Chen, J. Shi and H. Tian, Investigation on Surface Quality in a Hybrid Manufacturing System Combining Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing and Machining. In: Chen S., Zhang Y., Feng Z. (eds) Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing. Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing. Springer, Singapore (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7043-3_9
M.R. Dunlavey, Efficient Polygon-Filling Algorithms for Raster Displays, ACM Trans. Graph, 1983, 2, p 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1145/245.248
V.T. Rajan, V. Srinivasan and K.A. Tarabanis, The Optimal Zigzag Direction for Filling a Two-Dimensional Region, Rapid. Prototyp. J., 2001, 7, p 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540110410431
M. Magee and S. Seida, Path Planning with Offset Curves for Layered Fabrication Processes, J. Manuf. Syst., 1995, 14, p 1995.
H. Wang, P. Jang and J.A. Stori, A Metric-Based Approach to Two-Dimensional (2D) Tool-Path Optimization for High-Speed Machining, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Trans. ASME, 2005, 127, p 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1830492
F. Ren, Y. Sun and D. Guo, Combined Reparameterization-Based Spiral Toolpath Generation for Five-Axis Sculptured Surface Machining, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2009, 40, p 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1385-9
W.K. Chiu, Y.C. Yeung and K.M. Yu, Toolpath Generation for Layer Manufacturing of Fractal Objects, Rapid. Prototyp. J., 2006, 12, p 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552540610682723
T. Wasser , A.D. Jayal, C. Pistor, Implementation and Evaluation of Novel Buildstyles in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Solid Free Fabr Proceedings, August 1999 1999:95–102
R. Dwivedi and R. Kovacevic, Automated Torch Path Planning Using Polygon Subdivision for Solid Freeform Fabrication Based on Welding, J. Manuf. Syst., 2004, 23, p 278–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6125(04)80040-2
G.Q. Jin, W.D. Li and L. Gao, An Adaptive Process Planning Approach of Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2013, 29, p 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2012.07.001
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri and H. Li, A Practical Path Planning Methodology for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Thin-Walled Structures, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2015, 34, p 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2015.01.003
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, H. Li and N. Larkin, Adaptive Path Planning for Wire-Feed Additive Manufacturing Using Medial Axis Transformation, J. Clean. Prod., 2016, 133, p 942–952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.036
D. Ding, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, H. Li, S. Van Duin and N. Larkin, Bead Modelling and Implementation of Adaptive MAT Path in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing, Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2016, 39, p 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2015.12.004
M. Michel, H. Lockett, J. Ding, F. Martina, G. Marinelli and S. Williams, A Modular Path Planning Solution for Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing. Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., 2019, 60, p 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2019.05.009
D. Ye, D. Wu, X. Hua, C. Xu and Y. Wu, Using the Multi-Wire GMAW Processes for Controlling the Formation of Humping, Weld. World., 2017, 61, p 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-017-0458-5
T.C. Nguyen, D.C. Weckman, D.A. Johnson and H.W. Kerr, The Humping Phenomenon During High Speed Gas Metal Arc Welding, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2005, 10, p 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1179/174329305X44134
C.S. Wu, Z.H. Hu and L.M. Zhong, Prevention of Humping Bead Associated with High Welding Speed by Double-Electrode Gas Metal Arc Welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2012, 63, p 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-3944-3
M. Graf, A. Hälsig, K. Höfer, B. Awiszus and P. Mayr, Thermo-Mechanical Modelling of Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) of Semi-Finished Products, Metals (Basel), 2018 https://doi.org/10.3390/met8121009
W. Wu, J. Xue, L. Wang, Z. Zhang, Y. Hu and C. Dong, Forming process, microstructure, and mechanical properties of thin-walled 316L stainless steel using speed-cold-welding additive manufacturing, Metals (Basel), 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/met9010109
Q. Zhan, Y. Liang, J. Ding and S. Williams, A wire deflection detection method based on image processing in wire + arc additive manufacturing, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 2017, 89, p 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-9106-2
X. Chen, H. Zhang, J. Hu, Y. Xiao, A passive on-line defect detection method for wire and arc additive manufacturing based on infrared thermography. Solid Free Fabr 2019 Proc 30th Annu Int Solid Free Fabr Symp - An Addit Manuf Conf SFF (2019), 2019:1497–510
Y. Huang, D. Wu, Z. Zhang, H. Chen and S. Chen, EMD-Based Pulsed TIG Welding Process Porosity Defect Detection and Defect Diagnosis Using GA-SVM, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2017, 239, p 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.07.015
A. Sumesh, K. Rameshkumar, K. Mohandas and R.S. Babu, Use of Machine Learning Algorithms for Weld Quality Monitoring Using Acoustic Signature, Procedia Comput. Sci., 2015, 50, p 316–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.04.042
J. Xiong and G. Zhang, Adaptive Control of Deposited Height in GMAW-Based Layer Additive Manufacturing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2014, 214, p 962–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.11.014
J.S. Smith and C. Balfour, Real-time Top-Face Vision Based Control of Weld Pool Size, Ind. Rob., 2005, 32, p 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1108/01439910510600209
Y.K. Liu and Y.M. Zhang, Control of 3D Weld Pool Surface, Control Eng. Pract., 2013, 21, p 1469–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2013.06.019
F. Xu, N. Madhaven, V. Dhokia, A.R. McAndrew, P.A. Colegrove, S. Williams, et al. Multi-Sensor System for Wire-Fed Additive Manufacture of Titanium Alloys. 26th Int Conf Flex Autom Intell Manuf (FAIM 2016) 2016: Article in Press
C. Xia, Z. Pan, J. Polden, H. Li, Y. Xu, S. Chen et al., A Review on Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Monitoring, Control and a Framework of Automated System, J. Manuf. Syst., 2020, 57, p 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.08.008
H. Zhao, G. Zhang, Z. Yin and L. Wu, Effects of Interpass Idle Time on Thermal Stresses in Multipass Multilayer Weld-Based Rapid Prototyping, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. Trans. ASME, 2013, 135, p 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023363
E.R. Denlinger, J.C. Heigel, P. Michaleris and T.A. Palmer, Effect of Inter-Layer Dwell Time on Distortion and Residual Stress in Additive Manufacturing of Titanium and Nickel Alloys, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2015, 215, p 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.07.030
E. Ingram, O. Golan, R. Haj-Ali and N. Eliaz, The Effect of Localized Vibration During Welding on the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Steel Welds, Materials (Basel), 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162553
C. Shen, Z. Pan, D. Cuiuri, D. Ding and H. Li, Influences of Deposition Current and Interpass Temperature to the Fe3Al-Based Iron Aluminide Fabricated Using Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing Process, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2017, 88, p 2009–2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8935-3
M.J. Jose, S.S. Kumar and A. Sharma, Vibration Assisted Welding Processes and their Influence on Quality of Welds, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., 2016, 21, p 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1179/1362171815Y.0000000088
C. Zhang, M. Gao and X. Zeng, Workpiece Vibration Augmented Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of High Strength Aluminum Alloy, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2019, 271, p 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.03.028
E.M. Ryan, T.J. Sabin, J.F. Watts and M.J. Whiting, The Influence of Build Parameters and Wire Batch on Porosity of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Aluminium Alloy 2319, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2018, 262, p 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.07.030
Q. Yang, C. Xia, Y. Deng, X. Li and H. Wang, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi7Mg0.6 Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on Cold Metal Transfer (WAAM-CMT), Materials (Basel), 2019 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162525
T. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Wu and C. Shi, Microstructure and Properties of Die Steel Fabricated by WAAM Using H13 Wire, Vacuum, 2018, 149, p 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.12.034
D. Kim, S. Rhee and H. Park, Modelling and Optimization of a GMA Welding Process by Genetic Algorithm and Response Surface Methodology, Int J Prod Res, 2002, 40, p 1699–1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207540110119964
V. Gunaraj and N. Murugan, Prediction and optimization of weld bead volume for the submerged arc process - Part 2, Weld J (Miami, Fla), 2000, 79, p 331.
V. Gunaraj and N. Murugan, Application of Response Surface Methodology for Predicting Weld Bead Quality in Submerged Arc Welding of Pipes, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 1999, 88, p 266–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(98)00405-1
N. Srimath and N. Murugan, Development of Mathematical Models for Prediction of Weld Bead Geometry in Cladding Mild Steel Valve Seat Rings by PTAW, Procedia Eng., 2012, 38, p 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.003
R. Choteborský, A.H. Rusul, M. Navrátilová, P. Hrabe, Effects of Welding Process Parameters on the Geometry and Dilution of the Bead in the Automatic Surfacing. Conf Proceeding - 4th Int Conf TAE 2010 Trends Agric Eng 2010 (2010), 41:244–7
P.S. Rao, O.P. Gupta, S.S.N. Murty and A.B.K. Rao, Effect of Process Parameters and Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Bead Geometry in Pulsed GMA Welding, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2009, 45, p 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-1991-1
Y.S. Tarng and W.H. Yang, Optimisation of the Weld Bead Geometry in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding by the Taguchi Method, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 1998, 14, p 549–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01301698
Y.S. Tarng, S.C. Juang and C.H. Chang, The Use of Grey-based Taguchi Methods to Determine Submerged Arc Welding Process Parameters in Hardfacing, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2002, 128, p 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)01261-4
D.S. Nagesh and G.L. Datta, Prediction of Weld Bead Geometry and Penetration in Shielded Metal-Arc Welding Using Artificial Neural Networks, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2002, 123, p 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00101-2
Y.S. Tarng, W.H. Yang and S.C. Juang, Use of Fuzzy Logic in the Taguchi Method for the Optimization of The Submerged Arc Welding Process, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 2000, 16, p 688–694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001700070040
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This invited article is part of a special topical focus in the Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance on Additive Manufacturing. The issue was organized by Dr. William Frazier, Pilgrim Consulting, LLC; Mr. Rick Russell, NASA; Dr. Yan Lu, NIST; Dr. Brandon D. Ribic, America Makes; and Caroline Vail, NSWC Carderock.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Raut, L.P., Taiwade, R.V. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review and Research Directions. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 30, 4768–4791 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05871-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-021-05871-5