Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Implicit-Function-Based Design and Additive Manufacturing of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Regeneration or repairing an injured tissue using porous scaffolds, to rehabilitate the mechanical, biological and chemical actions, is one of the better options available, for tissue engineering and trauma cure. In this work, the nature-inspired gyroid architecture is selected for design of porous scaffolds. Implicit-function-based modeling is performed to understand the basic geometric characteristics of this complex architecture. A study on the effect of tuning the offset parameter (t) used in the gyroid equation, on the scaffold porosity and specific surface area, is carried out. Further, gyroid scaffolds with varying porosities and interconnected pores are modeled and subsequently manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing (AM) technique, with polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. Results show that the function-based gyroid modeling is ideally suited for the design and AM of continuous porous scaffolds. Compression test is also conducted on AMed scaffolds to examine their load bearing ability. Tests reveal that the porous scaffolds have compressive strength equivalent of that of the human trabecular bone. Additionally, this study investigated in vitro, the cell viability of PLA gyroid scaffolds by measuring the cell proliferation after 48 and 72 h showing expected biocompatibility. In conclusion, the FDM manufactured gyroid scaffolds seem to be a viable alternative for bone tissue engineering applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. Langer and P. Vacanti, Tissue Engineering, Science, 1993, 260(5110), p 920−926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Qu, H. Fu, Z. Han, and Y. Sun, Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: A Review, RSC Adv., 2019, 9, p 2625−26262

    Google Scholar 

  3. M.I. Mohhammed and I. Gibson, Design of Three-Dimensional, Triply Periodic Unit Cell Scaffold Structures for Additive Manufacturing, J. Mech. Des., 2018, 140(7), p 071701−071710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Wohlgemuth, N. Yufa, J. Hoffman, and E.L. Thomas, Triply Periodic Bicontinuous Cubic Microdomain Morphologies by Symmetries, Macromolecules, 2001, 34(7), p 6083−6089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Q. Li, Q. Hong, Q. Qi, X. Ma, X. Han, and J. Tian, Towards Additive Manufacturing Oriented Geometric Modeling Using Implicit Functions, Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art, 2018, 1(1), p 9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. O. Al Ketan, A. Soliman, A.M. AlQubaisi, and R.K.A. Al-Rub, Nature-Inspired Lightweight Cellular Co-continuous Composites with Architected Periodic Gyroidal Structures, Adv. Eng. Mater., 2017, 20(2), p 1700594

    Google Scholar 

  7. S. Rajagopalan and R.A. Robb, Schwarz meets Schwann: Design and Fabrication of Biomorphic and Durataxic Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Med. Image Anal., 2006, 10(5), p 693−712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Yanez, A. Cuadrado, O. Martel, H. Afonso, and D. Monopoli, Gyroid Porous Titanium Porous Structures: A versatile Solution to be used as Scaffolds in Bone Defect Reconstruction, Mater. Des., 2018, 140, p 21−29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. L. Yuan, S. Ding, and C. Wen, Additive Manufacturing Technology for porous Metal Implant Applications and Triple Minimal Surface Structures: A Review, Bioact. Mater., 2019, 4(1), p 56−70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. F.P. Melchels, A.M. Barradas, B.C.A. Van, B.J. De, J. Feijen, and D.W. Grijpma, Effects of the Architecture of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds on Cell Seeding and Culturing, Acta Biomater., 2010, 6(11), p 4208−4217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. F.P. Melchels, K. Bertoldi, R. Gabbrielli, R.H. Velders, J. Feijen, and D.W. Grijpma, Mathematically Defined Tissue Engineering Scaffold Architectures Prepared by Stereolithography, Biomaterials, 2010, 31(27), p 6909−6916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Afshar, P. Anaraki, H. Montazerian, and J. Kadkhodapour, Additive Manufacturing and Mechanical Characterization of Graded Porosity Scaffolds Designed Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Architectures, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2016, 62, p 481−494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. A.M. Abou- Ali, O. Al-Ketan, R. Rowshan, and R.A. Al- Rub, Mechanical Response of 3D Printed Bending-Dominated Ligament-Based Triply Periodic Cellular Polymeric Solids, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28(4), p 2316−2326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. K. Michielsen and D.G. Stavenga, Gyroid Cuticular Structures in Butterfly Wing Scales: Biological Photonic Crystals, J. R. Soc. Interface, 2008, 5(18), p 85−94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. H. Saho, X. Ke, A. Liu, M. Sun, Y. He, X. Yang, J. Fu, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, G. Yang, S. Xu, and Z. Gou, Bone Regeneration in 3D Printing Bioactive Ceramic Scaffolds with Improved Tissue/Material Interface Pore Architecture in Thin-Wall Bone Defect, Biofabrication, 2017, 9(2), p 025003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Song, C. Hu, X. Pei, J. Sun, H. Sun, L. Wu, Q. Jiang, H. Fan, B. Yang, C. Zhou, Y. Fan, and X. Zhang, Dual Modulation on Crystallinity and Macro/Microstructures of 3D Printed Porous Titanium Implants to Enhance the Stability and Osseointegration, J. Mat. Chem. B, 2019, 7, p 2865−2877

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Zhanga, X. Peia, P. Songb, H. Suna, H. Lia, Y. Fana, Q. Jianga, C. Zhoua, and X. Zhanga, Porous Bioceramics Produced by Inkjet 3D Printing: Effect of Printing Ink Formulation on the Ceramic Macro and Micro Porous Architecture Control, Compos Part B, 2018, 155, p 112−121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. X. Pei, L. Ma, B. Zhang, J. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Fan, Z. Gou, C. Zhou, and X. Zhang, Creating Hierarchical Porosity Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Osteoinduction by Three-Dimensional Printing and Microwave Sintering, Biofacrication, 2017, 9(4), p 045008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Asadi-Eydivand, M. Solati-Hashjin, A. Farzad, and N.A. Osman, Effect of Technical Parameters on Porous Structure and Strength of 3D Printed Calcium Sulfate Prototypes, Robot CIM Int. Manuf., 2016, 37, p 57−67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. G.H. Wu and S.H. Hsu, Review: Polymeric-Based 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering, J. Med. Biol. Eng., 2015, 35(3), p 285−292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. M.C. Wurm, T. Most, B. Bergauer, D. Rietzel, F.W. Neukam, S.C. Cifuentes, and C.V. Wilmowsky, In-Vitro Evaluation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Manufactured by Fused Deposition Modelling, J. Bio. Eng., 2017, 11, p 29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Gremare, V. Guduric, R. Bareille, V. Heroguez, S. Latour, N. L’heureux, J.-C. Fricain, S. Catros, and D.L. Nihouannen, Characterization of Printed PLA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2018, 106(4), p 887−894

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. R. Oftadeh, M. Perez-Viloria, J. Villa-Camacho, A. Vaziri, and A. Nazarian, Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Trabecular Bone: A Review, J. Biomech. Eng., 2015, 137(1), p 0108021−01080215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. A.V. Rammohan, T. Lee, and V.B.C. Tan, A Novel Morphological Model of Trabecular Bone Based on the Gyroid, Int. J. App. Mech., 2015, 7(3), p 1550048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. S.M. Giannitelli, D. Accoto, M. Trombetta, and A. Rainer, Current Trends in the Design of Scaffolds for Computer-Aided Tissue Engineering, Acta Biomater., 2014, 10(2), p 580−594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. http://k3dsurf.sourceforge.net. Accessed 22 Apr 2019

  27. http://www.meshlab.net. Accessed 22 Apr 2019

  28. L.S. Nair and C.T. Laurencin, Polymers as Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Controlled Drug Delivery, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 2006, 102, p 47−90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. V. Mazzanti, L. Malagutti, and F. Mollica, FDM 3D Printing of Polymers Containing Natural Fillers: A Review of Their Mechanical Properties, Polymers, 2019, 11(7), p 1094

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. X. Chan, H. Fan, X. Deng, L. Wu, T. Yi, L. Gu, C. Zhou, Y. Fan, and X. Zhang, Scaffolds Structural Microenvironmental Cues to Guide Tissue Regeneration in Bone Tissue Applications, Nanomaterials, 2018, 8(11), p 960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. L.J. Gibson, Biomechanics of Cellular Solids, J. Biomech., 2005, 38(3), p 377−399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. V.S. Deshpande, M.F. Ashby, and N.A. Fleck, Foam Topology: Bending vs Stretching Dominated Architectures, Acta Mater., 2001, 49(6), p 1035−1040

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. D. Li, W. Liao, N. Dai, and Y.M. Xie, Comparison of Mechanical Properties and Energy Absorption of Sheet-Based and Strut-Based Gyroid Cellular Structures with Graded Densities, Materials, 2019, 12(13), p 2183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. D.W. Abueidda, M. Elhebeary, C.-S. Andrew Shiang, S. Pang, R.K.A. Al-Rub, and I.M. Jasiuk, Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Polymeric Gyroid Cellular Structure: Experimental and Finite Element Study, Mater. Des., 2019, 165, p 107597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. S. Sahmani, S. Saber-Samandari, M.M. Aghdam, and A. Khandan, Nonlinear Resonance Response of Porous Beam-Type Implants Corresponding to Various Morphology Shapes for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2018, 27, p 5370−5383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. I. Maskery, L. Sturm, A.O. Aremu, A. Panesar, C.B. Williams, C.J. Tuck, R.D. Wildman, I.A. Ashcroft, and R.J.M. Hague, Insights into the Mechanical Properties of several Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structures made by Polymer Additive Manufacturing, Polymer, 2018, 52, p 62−71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. L.L. Hench, Bioceramics: From Concept to Clinic, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1991, 74, p 1487−1510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) Pune, India, for providing access to the MTT assay testing facility. The lead author would like to thank the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, for providing financial assistance as research fellowship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P., India

    Yogesh Tripathi, Mukul Shukla & Amba D. Bhatt

Authors
  1. Yogesh Tripathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mukul Shukla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amba D. Bhatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yogesh Tripathi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tripathi, Y., Shukla, M. & Bhatt, A.D. Implicit-Function-Based Design and Additive Manufacturing of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 28, 7445–7451 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04457-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04457-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation