Hot deformation behavior of a corrosion-resistant nickel-based alloy was studied in temperature range of 1050-1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s−1 by employing hot compression tests. An approach of processing map was used to reveal the hot workability and microstructural evolution during the hot deformation. The results show that different stable domains in the processing map associated with the microstructure evolution can be ascribed to different dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanisms. The discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) grains evolved by the necklace mechanism are finer than those evolved by the ordinary mechanism, respectively, arising from the strong nucleation process and the growth process. If subjected to low temperature and high strain rate, the flow instability domain occurs, due to the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) based on the evolution of deformation micro-bands within the deformed grains. Based on the processing map, a DRX mechanism map is established, which can provide an idea for designing desired microstructure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H.D. Liu, D.Z. Wang, and H.D. Wei, Material Selection and Application of High Performance Stainless Steels Used in Sour Oil and Gas Fields, J. Corros. Prot., 2011, 32(10), p 817–821
B.C. Peng, H.X. Zhang, J. Hong, J.Q. Gao, H.Q. Zhang, J.F. Li, and Q.J. Wang, The Evolution of Precipitates of 22Cr-25Ni-Mo-Nb-N Heat-Resistant Austenitic Steel in Long-Term Creep, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, p 4424–4430
J.C. Pivin, D. Delaunay, C. Roques-Carmes, A.M. Huntz, and P. Lacormbe, Oxidation Mechanism of Fe-Ni20-25Cr-5Al Alloys-Influence of Small Amounts of Yttrium on Oxidation Kinetics and Oxide Adherence, Corros. Sci., 1980, 20, p 351–373
C.Y. Sun, G. Liu, Q.D. Zhang, R. Liu, and L.L. Wang, Determination of Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of IN 028 Alloy Using Isothermal Hot Compression Test, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 595, p 92–98
A. Mirzaei, A. Zarei-Hanzaki, N. Haghdadi, and A. Marandi, Constitutive Description of High Temperature Flow Behavior of Sanicro-28 Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 589, p 76–85
L. Wang, F. Liu, Q. Zuo, and C.F. Chen, Prediction of Flow Stress for N08028 Alloy Under Hot Working Conditions, Mater. Des., 2013, 47, p 737–745
L. Wang, F. Liu, J.J. Chen, Q. Zuo, and C.F. Chen, Hot Deformation Characteristics and Processing Map Analysis for Nickel-Based Corrosion Resistant Alloy, J. Alloy. Compd., 2015, 623, p 69–78
D.Y. Cai, L.Y. Xiao, W.C. Liu, G.D. Sun, and M. Yao, Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of a Ni-Base Superalloy Using Processing Map, Mater. Des., 2009, 30, p 921–925
H. Jiang, J.X. Dong, M.C. Zhang, L. Zheng, and Z.H. Yao, Hot Deformation Characteristics of Alloy 617B Nickel-Based Superalloy: A Study Using Processing Map, J. Alloys. Compd., 2015, 647, p 338–350
Y. Wu, M. Zhang, X. Xie, J. Dong, F. Lin, and S. Zhao, Hot Deformation Characteristics and Processing Map Analysis of a New Designed Nickel-Based Alloy for 700 & #xB0;C A-USC Power Plant, J. Alloys. Compd., 2016, 656, p 119–131
J. Wang, J. Dong, M. Zhang, and X. Xie, Hot Working Characteristics of Nickel-Base Superalloy 740H During Compression, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 566, p 61–70
Y. Cao, H.S. Di, J.Q. Zhang, T.J. Ma, and J.C. Zhang, Research on Hot Deformation Behavior and Hot Work Ability of Alloy 800H, Acta Metal. Sin., 2013, 49, p 811–821
A. Momeni and K. Dehghani, Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of 410 Martensitic Stainless Steel Using Constitutive Equations and Processing Maps, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 527, p 5467–5473
A. Momeni and K. Dehghani, Hot Working Behavior of 2205 Austenite–Ferrite Duplex Stainless Steel Characterized by Constitutive Equations and Processing Maps, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, 528, p 1448–1454
T. Zhang, K.P. Rao, Y.V.R. Prasad, and M. Gupta, Processing Maps, Microstructure Evolution and Deformation Mechanisms of Extruded AZ31-DMD During Hot Uniaxial Compression, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 559, p 773–781
Y.V.R. Prasad, H.L. Gegel, S.M. Doeaivelu, J.C. Malas, J.T. Morgan, K.A. Lark, and D.R. Barker, Modeling of Dynamic Material Behavior in Hot Deformation: Forging of Ti-6242, Metall. Trans. A, 1984, 15, p 1883–1892
J.B. Jia, K.F. Zhang, L.M. Liu, and F.Y. Wu, Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of a Powder Metallurgy Ti–22Al–25Nb Alloy, J. Alloys Compd., 2014, 600, p 215–221
Y.V.R.K. Prasad and T. Seshacharyulu, Modelling of Hot Deformation for Microstructural Control, Int. Mater. Rev., 1998, 43, p 243–258
M.E. Wahabi, L. Gavard, F. Montheillet, J.M. Cabrera, and J.M. Prado, Effect of Initial Grain Size on Dynamic Recrystallization in High Purity Austenitic Stainless Steels, Acta Mater., 2005, 53, p 4605–4612
T. Sakai and J.J. Jonas, Overview No. 35 Dynamic Recrystallization: Mechanical and Microstructural Considerations, Acta Metall., 1984, 32, p 189–209
J.M. Cabrera, A.A. Omar, J.J. Jonas, and J.M. Prado, Modeling the Flow Behavior of a Medium Carbon Microalloyed Steel Under Hot Working Conditions, Metal. Mater. Trans. A, 1997, 28, p 2233–2244
Y. Cao, H.S. Di, J.Q. Zhang, J.C. Zhang, T.J. Ma, and R.D.K. Misra, An Electron Backscattered Diffraction Study on the Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of a Nickel-Chromium Alloy (800H) During Hot Deformation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 585, p 71–85
T. Sakai, M.G. Akben, and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic Recrystallization During the Transient Deformation of a Vanadium Microalloyed Steel, Acta Metall., 1983, 31, p 631–642
T. Sakai, A. Belyakov, R. Kaibyshev, H. Miura, and J.J. Jonas, Dynamic and Post-Dynamic Recrystallization Under Hot, Cold and Severe Plastic Deformation Conditions, Prog. Mater. Sci., 2014, 60, p 130–207
S. Gourdet and F. Montheillet, A Model of Continuous Dynamic Recrystallization, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 2685–2699
A. Belyakov, K. Tsuzaki, H. Miura, and T. Sakai, Effect of Initial Microstructures on Grain Refinement in a Stainless Steel by Large Strain Deformation, Acta Mater., 2003, 51, p 847–861
H. McQueen, Development of Dynamic Recrystallization Theory, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, 387, p 203–208
S. Gourdet and F. Montheillet, An Experimental Study of the Recrystallization Mechanism During Hot Deformation of Aluminium, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, 283, p 274–288
ASTM E209. Standard Practice for Compression Tests of Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperatures With Conventional or Rapid Heating Rates and Strain Rates. Annual Book of ASTM Standard, ASTM International, PA, USA, 2010.
D. Samantaray, S. Mandal, and A.K. Bhaduri, A Critical Comparison of Various Data Processing Methods in Simple Uni-Axial Compression Testing, Mater. Des., 2011, 32, p 2797–2802
N. Dudova, A. Belyakov, T. Sakai, and R. Kaibyshev, Dynamic recrystallization Mechanisms Operating in a Ni-20% Cr Alloy Under Hot-to-Warm Working, Acta Mater., 2010, 58, p 3624–3632
A.N. Behera, A. Chaudhuri, R. Kapoor, J.K. Chakravartty, and S. Suwas, High Temperature Deformation Behavior of Nb–1 wt.%Zr Alloy, Mater. Des., 2016, 92, p 750–759
A.D. Manshadi and P.D. Hodgson, Dynamic Recrystallization of Austenitic Stainless Steel Under Multiple Peak Behaviours, ISIJ Inter., 2007, 47(12), p 1799–1803
H.L. Gegel, J.C. Malas, and S.M. Doraivelu, Process Modeling of p/m Extrusion, Innovations in Materials Processing, G. Bruggeman and V. Weiss, Ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1985, p 137–159
H. Ziegler, Progress in Solid Mechanics, I.N. Sneddon and R. Hill, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1965, p 91–193
A. Laasraoui and J. Jonas, Prediction of Steel Flow Stresses at High Temperatures and Strain Rates, Metall. Trans. A, 1991, 22, p 1545–1558
Y. Cao, H.S. Di, R.D.K. Misra, X. Yi, J.C. Zhang, and T.J. Ma, On the Hot Deformation Behavior of AISI, 420 Stainless Steel Based on Constitutive Analysis and CSL Model, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 593, p 111–119
Y. Cao, H.S. Di, J.C. Zhang, and Y.H. Yang, Dynamic Behavior and Microstructural Evolution During Moderate to High Strain Rate Hot Deformation of a Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy (alloy 800H), J. Nucl. Mater., 2015, 456, p 133–141
G. Liu, Y. Han, Z. Shi, J. Sun, D. Zou, and G. Qiao, Hot Deformation and Optimization of Process Parameters of an As-Cast 6Mo Super Austenitic Stainless Steel: A Study with Processing Map, Mater. Des., 2014, 53, p 662–672
F.J. Humphreys and M. Hatherly, Recrystallization and Related Annealing Phenomena, Pergamin, Oxford, 2004
M. Jafari and A. Najafizadeh, Correlation Between Zener-Hollomon Parameter and Necklace DRX During Hot Deformation of 316 Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2009, 501, p 16–25
Z.H. Wang, W.T. Fu, S.H. Sun, H. Li, Z.Q. Lv, and D.L. Zhao, Mechanical Behavior and Microstructural Change of a High Nitrogen CrMn Austenitic Stainless Steel During Hot Deformation, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2010, 41A, p 1025–1032
Z.H. Wang, S.H. Sun, B. Wang, Z.P. Shi, R.H. Zhang, and W.T. Fu, Effect of Grain Size on Dynamic Recrystallization and Hot-Ductility Behaviors in High-Nitrogen CrMn Austenitic Stainless Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2014, 45A, p 3631–3639
A. Belyakov, H. Miura, and T. Sakai, Dynamic Recrystallization Under Warm Deformation of a 304 Type Austenitic Stainless Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, 255, p 139–147
D. Ponge and G. Gottstein, Necklace Formation During Dynamic Recrystallization: Mechanisms and Impact on Flow Behavior, Acta Mater., 1998, 46(1), p 69–80
H. Beladi, P. Cizek, and P. Hodgson, Dynamic Recrystallization of Austenite in Ni-30Pct Fe Model Alloy: Microstructure and Texture Evolution, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2009, 40, p 1175–1189
D.A. Hughes, Microstructural Evolution in a Non-cell Forming Metal: Al-Mg, Acta Metall., 1993, 41, p 1421–1430
Y. Wang, L. Zhen, W.Z. Shao, L. Yang, and X.M. Zhang, Hot Working Characteristics and Dynamic Recrystallization of Delta-Processed Superalloy 718, J. Alloys Compd., 2009, 474, p 341–346
Z. Yanushkevich, A. Belyakov, and R. Kaibyshev, Microstructural Evolution of a 304-Type Austenitic Stainless Steel During Rolling at Temperatures of 773-1273K, Acta Mater., 2005, 82, p 244–254
M. Tikhonova, A. Belyakov, and R. Kaibyshev, Strain-Induced Grain Evolution in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Under Warm Multiple Forging, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, 564, p 413–422
A. Belyakov, T. Sakai, H. Miura, and R. Kaibyshev, Grain Refinement Under Multiple Warm Deformation in 304 Type Austenitic Stainless Steel, ISIJ Int., 1999, 39(6), p 592–599
T. Fujii, R. Watanabe, Y. Hiraoka, and M. Okada, Preparation of a Large-Scale Molybdenum Single-Crystal Sheet by Means of Secondary Recrystallization, J. Less. Common. Met., 1984, 96, p 297–304
Y. Hiraoka, T. Fujii, T. Kainuma, M. Okada, and R. Watanabe, Mechanical Properties of Molybdenum Single Crystals Produced by Means of Secondary Recrystallization, J. Nucl. Mater., 1985, 33, p 332–336
E.M. Taleff, N.A. Pedrazas, A New Route for Growing Large Grains in Metals, Science, 2013, 341(6153), p 1461–1462
J. Ciulik and E.M. Taleff, Dynamic Abnormal Grain Growth: A New Method to Produce Single Crystals, Scr. Mater., 2009, 61, p 895–898
Acknowledgment
The authors are grateful to the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51134011, 51101122, and 51071127), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. References 2011CB610403), the China National Funds for Distinguished Young Scientists (No. 51125002), the Fundamental Research Fund (Nos. JC20120223) and the 111 Project (No. B08040) of Northwestern Polytechnical University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., Liu, F., Zuo, Q. et al. Processing Map and Mechanism of Hot Deformation of a Corrosion-Resistant Nickel-Based Alloy. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 26, 392–406 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2414-8
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2414-8