Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Magnesium on Inclusions in a High Sulfur Steel

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Laboratory experiments and theoretical analyses were performed to study the effect of magnesium on non-metallic inclusions in a high sulfur steel with 2.3, 13, 24, and 42 ppm magnesium. With the increase of magnesium content in the molten steel, inclusions of Al2O3-CaO were first modified to Al2O3-MgO and MgO-CaS(-MgS)-MnS, then transformed to MgO-CaS-MgS-MnS and Al2O3-MgO, and finally MgS-MgO-CaS-MnS in the water-quenched samples. Thermodynamic calculation results revealed that the evolution path of inclusions in the molten steel with magnesium was Al2O3-CaO → Al2O3-MgO-CaS → CaS-MgO-MgS → MgS-CaS-MnS-MgO, which were in good agreement with the experimental results. With the increase of magnesium in the molten steel from 2.3 to 42 ppm, the number density and area fraction of inclusions increased from 10.04 #/mm2 and 31.96 × 10−6 to 50.82 #/mm2 and 117.93 × 10−6, respectively, which was owing to the generation of magnesium-containing inclusions especially when the content of magnesium was higher than 24 ppm. The formation of magnesium-containing inclusions in the molten steel inhibited the precipitation of aggregated type II MnS inclusions in the solid steel, sulfide inclusions were spherical or near-spherical with dispersive distributions. Quantitative results of two-dimensional and three-dimensional distribution of inclusions based on the SEM–EDS analysis and the non-aqueous solution electrolytic method showed that the roundness and size of inclusions in the solid steel decreased first with 13 ppm magnesium, higher content of magnesium promoted the formation of complex MnS-MgS-MgO-CaS inclusions with higher roundness and size. Thermodynamic calculation results showed that an appropriate amount of 4.0-16.0 ppm magnesium was beneficial to improve the distribution of sulfide in the high sulfur steel.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. K. Wang, T. Yu, Y. Song, H. Li, M. Liu, R. Luo, J. Zhang, F. Fang, and X. Lin: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2019, vol. 50, p. 1213–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. L.F. Zhang: Non-metallic Inclusions in Steels: Industrial Practice (in Chinese). Metallurgical Industry Press, 2019.

  3. H. Sun, L.P. Wu, J.B. Xie, K.N. Ai, Z.Q. Zeng, P. Shen, and J.X. Fu: Metall. Res. Technol., 2020, vol. 117, p. 208–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. Li, F. Wang, C. Li, Z. Yang, Q. Meng, and T. Sufen: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2015, vol. 22, p. 589–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. K. Matsubara: Tetsu-to-Hagane., 1964, vol. 51, p. 2220–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Zhang, F. Wang, S. Yang, J. Liu, and J. Li: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2019, vol. 50, p. 2284–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. Zeng, C. Zhu, W. Wang, and X. Li: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2020, vol. 51, p. 2522–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. C. Sims and F. Dahle: Trans. Am. Foundrymen’s Soc., 1938, vol. 46, p. 65.

    Google Scholar 

  9. H. Yaguchi: J. Appl. Metalwork., 1986, vol. 4, p. 214–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. M. Imagumbai: ISIJ Int., 1994, vol. 34, p. 992–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. N. Aring;nmark, A. Karasev and P.G. Jonsson: Materials, 2015, vol. 8, p. 751–83.

  12. A. Ghosh, P. Modak, R. Dutta, and D. Chakrabarti: Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 2016, vol. 654, p. 298–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Lu, Y. Wang, Q. Wang, H. Cheng, and G. Cheng: ISIJ Int., 2019, vol. 59, p. 524–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. R. Sakaguchi, T. Shiraiwa, P. Chivavibul, T. Kasuya, M. Enoki, N. Yamashita, H. Yokota, Y. Matsui, A. Kazama, K. Ozaki, and H. Takamatsu: ISIJ Int., 2020, vol. 60, p. 1714–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L.F. Zhang: Non-metallic Inclusions in Steels: Fundamentals (in Chinese). Metallurgical Industry Press, 2019.

  16. W. Yang, X. Yang, L.F. Zhang, and X. Liu: Steelmaking., 2013, vol. 29, p. 71–8.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. Hazra, D. Caffarrelli, and S. Ramalingam: J. Eng. Ind., 1974, vol. 96, p. 1230–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. K.I. Yamamoto, H. Yamamura, and Y. Suwa: ISIJ Int., 2011, vol. 51, p. 1987–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Chen, Z. Rong, L. Xue, T. Lin, J. Li, and L. Yang: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2015, vol. 22, p. 141–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. H. Liu and W. Chen: Steel Res. Int., 2012, vol. 83, p. 1172–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. C. Temmel, B. Karlsson, and N.G. Ingesten: Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2006, vol. 37, p. 2995–3007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. H.W. Bennett and L.P. Sandell: J. Metals., 1974, vol. 26, p. 21–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. O. Haida, T. Emi, K. Sanbongi, T. Shiraishi, and A. Fujiwara: Tetsu-to-Hagane., 1978, vol. 64, p. 1538–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. K. Sanbongi: Tetsu-to-Hagane., 1978, vol. 64, p. 145–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. I. Yoichi, M. Noriyuki, and M. Kaichi: Tetsu-to-Hagane., 1980, vol. 66, p. 647–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Ito and N. Masumitsu.: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. 1981, 21, 477–84.

  27. Y. Ueshima, K. Isobe, S. Mizoguch, H. Maede, and H. Kajioka: ISIJ Int., 1988, vol. 74, p. 465–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. K. Oikawa, H. Ohtani, K. Ishida, and T. Nishizawa: Tetsu-to-Hagane., 1994, vol. 80, p. 43–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. R. Diederichs and W. Bleck: Steel Res. Int., 2006, vol. 77, p. 202–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. X. Zhang, C. Yang, F. Chai, X. Luo, L.F. Zhang, and Y. Dong: Iron Steel., 2019, vol. 54, p. 27–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. X. Zhang, L.F. Zhang, W. Yang, Y. Wang, Y. Dong, and Y. Li: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2017, vol. 29, p. 724–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. K. Oikawa, S.I. Sumi, and K. Ishida: J. Phase Equil., 1999, vol. 20, p. 215–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. K. Oikawa, K. Ishida, and T. Nishizawa: ISIJ Int., 1997, vol. 37, p. 332–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Wakoh, T. Sawai, and S. Mizoguchi: Tetsu-to-Hagane., 1996, vol. 82, p. 593–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Z. Xiong, S. Liu, X. Wang, C. Shang, and R.D.K. Misra: Mater. Charact., 2015, vol. 106, p. 232–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Lu, G. Cheng, L. Chen, G. Xiong, and L. Wang: ISIJ Int., 2018, vol. 58, p. 1307–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. J. Lu, G. Cheng, B. Tan, and J. Che: ISIJ Int., 2018, vol. 58, p. 921–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. X. Zou, H. Matsuura, and C. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2019, vol. 50, p. 1134–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. N. Tsunekage and H. Tsubakino: ISIJ Int., 2001, vol. 41, p. 498–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. T.S. Zhang, D.Y. Wang, and M.F. Jiang: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2014, vol. 21, p. 1073–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Y. Guo, S. He, G. Chen, and Q. Wang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2016, vol. 47, p. 2549–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. M. Hayaishi: Denki-Seiko., 2002, vol. 73, p. 5–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. T. Kano and T. Hanyuda: Denki-Swiko., 2004, vol. 75, p. 27–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Liu, L. Zhang, Y. Ren, H. Duan, and W. Yang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2018, vol. 49, p. 610–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. C. Yang, P. Liu, Y. Luan, D. Li, and Y. Li: Int. J. Fatigue., 2019, vol. 128, p. 105193–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Ye, X. Xi, L. Zhu, S. Yang, and J. Li: TMS., 2019, vol. 233, p. 561–9.

    Google Scholar 

  47. L.C. Zheng, A. Malfliet, P. Wollants, B. Blanpain, and M.X. Guo: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2017, vol. 48, p. 2447–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. P. Shen, Q. Yang, D. Zhang, Y. Wu, and J. Fu: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2018, vol. 25, p. 787–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. F. Wang, H. Guo, W. Liu, S. Yang, S. Zhang, and J. Li: Materials., 2019, vol. 12, p. 1034–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. H. Liu, Z. Huang, D. Yu, D. Hu, H. Zhong, Q. Zhai, and J. Fu: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2019, vol. 26, p. 973–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. K. Oikawa, H. Ohtani, K. Ishida, and T. Nishizawa: ISIJ Int., 1995, vol. 35, p. 402–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. S. Luo, B. Wang, Z. Wang, D. Jiang, W. Wang, and M. Zhu: ISIJ Int., 2017, vol. 57, p. 2000–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. X. Shao, X. Wang, M. Jiang, W. Wang, and F. Huang: ISIJ Int., 2011, vol. 51, p. 1995–2001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. X. Shao, X. Wang, C. Ji, H. Li, Y. Cui, and G. Zhu: Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2015, vol. 22, p. 483–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. H. Sui, L. Wang, Q. Wang, H. Wang, D. Che, J. Li, and K. Chou: Steel Res. Int., 2018, vol. 89, p. 1800179–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Z. Yu and C. Liu: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2019, vol. 50, p. 772–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Z. Liu, G. Song, Z. Deng, and M. Zhu: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52, p. 1243–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. J.H. Shin and J.H. Park: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2020, vol. 51, p. 1211–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. J.H. Park and L.F. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2020, vol. 51, p. 2453–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. J. Yang, T. Yamasaki, and M. Kuwabara: ISIJ Int., 2007, vol. 47, p. 699–708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Z. Jiang, Y. Zhuang, Y. Li, and S. Li: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2013, vol. 20, p. 6–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. X. Wu, S. Wu, C. Yan, X. Ma, Z. Liu, L. Zhu, and Q. Zhang: Metall. Mater. Trans. B., 2021, vol. 52, p. 1012–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. L. Cao, G. Wang, X. Yuan, P. Jin, and S. Sridhar: Metals., 2019, vol. 9, p. 900–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. J. Fu, Y. Yu, A. Wang, B. Chen, and W. Sun: J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 1998, vol. 14, p. 53–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Q. Zhang, Y. Min, J. Xu, and C. Liu: J. Iron Steel Res. Int., 2020, vol. 27, p. 631–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. P. Shen and J. Fu: Materials., 2019, vol. 12, p. 197–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. J. Xie, D. Zhang, Q. Yang, J. An, Z. Huang, and J. Fu: Ironmak. Steelmak., 2019, vol. 46, p. 564–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. J. Tian, T. Qu, D. Wang, H. Wang, and E. Xinrui: Arch. Metall. Mater., 2018, vol. 63, p. 1599–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. X. He, L. Xu, M. Wang, and Z. Wang: Heat Treat. Met., 2019, vol. 44, p. 90–4.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Y. Liu, L.F. Zhang, H. Duan, Y. Zhang, Y. Luo, and A.N. Conejo: Metall. Mater. Trans. A., 2016, vol. 47, p. 3015–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. B.L. Bramfitt: Metall. Trans., 1970, vol. 1, p. 1987–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. D. Huang: Master Thesis, Shanghai University, 2019.

  73. F. Li: Doctor Thesis, Shanghai University, 2018.

  74. Q. Guo, B. Song, and M. Song: Trans. Mater. Heat Treat., 2019, vol. 40, p. 133–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. H. Ohta and H. Suito: ISIJ Int., 2006, vol. 46, p. 480–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Y. Ren and L.F. Zhang: Ironmak. Steelmak., 2019, vol. 46, p. 558–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for support from the National Science Foundation China (Grant No. U1860206, No. 51725402), the High Steel Center (HSC) at Yanshan University, and Beijing International Center of Advanced and Intelligent Manufacturing of High Quality Steel Materials (ICSM), Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metals (GREM), and the High Quality Steel Consortium (HQSC) at University of Science and Technology Beijing, China.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing, 100083, China

    Sha Ji & Xindong Wang

  2. North China University of Technology, Beijing, 100144, China

    Lifeng Zhang

Authors
  1. Sha Ji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lifeng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Xindong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lifeng Zhang or Xindong Wang.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ji, S., Zhang, L. & Wang, X. Effect of Magnesium on Inclusions in a High Sulfur Steel. Metall Mater Trans B 53, 848–863 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02446-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-022-02446-0

Search

Navigation