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Nitrogen Solubility in Alloy Systems Relevant to Stainless Steels

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Abstract

High-performance stainless steels are alloyed with nitrogen for several different reasons. For the austenitic grades, the kinetics of deleterious phase transformations are delayed, the strength is increased, and the corrosion resistance is improved. For duplex steels, the weldability and corrosion resistance depend directly on their nitrogen contents. Reliable databases are crucial for the development of new stainless steels and their processing. In order to calibrate the existing thermodynamic data, a series of experiments was undertaken. Several laboratory alloys in Fe–Cr–X systems, where X = Ni, Mn, Cu, were reacted with nitrogen gas at nitrogen activities 0.5 and 1 in the temperature range from 1050 °C to 1350 °C and subsequently analyzed for nitrogen solubility and phase constitution. A novel, simplified experimental technique was used, providing a dew point that is low enough to allow for fast nitrogen transport through the specimen surface, ensuring equilibrium conditions. The results are compared to thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.

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Notes

  1. LECO is a trademark of LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI.

  2. LECO is a trademark of LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI.

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Acknowledgments

The experimental work was carried out within the project FROST – Tools for development of stainless steels of the future, via Vinnova, Sweden’s Innovation Agency (Project No. 2013-03258). Also funding this project were Outokumpu Stainless AB, AB Sandvik Materials Technology, Thermo-Calc Software AB, and NOMAC Norwegian Material Center of Expertise AS also provided funding for this work. The Master’s thesis was funded by the Outokumpu Stainless Research Foundation and carried out at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the experimental contributions to the nitriding experiments by Mr. Christer Eggertson, Swerim AB.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Swerim AB, Box 7047, 164 07, Kista, Sweden

    Staffan Hertzman & Sten Wessman

  2. Thermo-Calc Software AB, Råsundavägen 18, 169 67, Solna, Sweden

    Reza Naraghi

  3. Jernkontoret, Box 1721, 111 87, Stockholm, Sweden

    Rachel Pettersson

  4. AB Sandvik Materials Technology, 811 81, Sandviken, Sweden

    Ulrika Borggren

  5. Outokumpu Stainless AB, Koppardalsvägen 71, 774 41, Avesta, Sweden

    Jan Y. Jonsson

  6. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden

    Niklas Holländer Pettersson, Mina Khoda Karami & Ali Kohan-Zade

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  1. Staffan Hertzman
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  2. Reza Naraghi
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  3. Sten Wessman
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  4. Rachel Pettersson
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Correspondence to Sten Wessman.

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Manuscript submitted February 12, 2021; accepted May 28, 2021.

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Hertzman, S., Naraghi, R., Wessman, S. et al. Nitrogen Solubility in Alloy Systems Relevant to Stainless Steels. Metall Mater Trans A 52, 3811–3820 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06343-0

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