Abstract
Low-alloy multiphase transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steels offer excellent mechanical properties in terms of elongation and strength. This results from the complex synergy between the different phases, i.e., ferrite, bainite, and retained austenite. The precise knowledge of the austenite-to-martensite transformation kinetics is required to understand the behavior of TRIP steels in a wide array of applications. The parameters determining the stability of the metastable austenite were reviewed and investigated experimentally, with special attention paid to the effect of the chemical composition, the temperature, and the size of the austenite particles. The results show that the stability and rate of transformation of the austenite particles in TRIP steels have a pronounced composition dependence: austenite particles transform at a faster rate in CMnSi TRIP steel than in TRIP steels in which Si is fully or partially replaced by Al and P. The results clearly support the view that (1) both a high C content and a submicron size are required for the room-temperature stability of the austenite particles and (2) the effect of the chemical composition on the transformation is due to its influence on the intrinsic stacking-fault energy. In addition, the composition dependence of the Md 30 temperature was derived by regression analysis of experimental data. The influence of the size of the retained austenite particles on their Ms σ temperature was studied by means of a thermodynamic model. Both the analysis of the transformation-kinetics data and the microstructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed the very limited role of autocatalysis in the transformation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P. Verleysen, J. Van Slycken, J. Degrieck, B.C. De Cooman, and L. Samek: Int. Conf. on Advanced High Strength Sheet Steels for Automotive Application Proceedings, Winter Park, CO, 2004, pp. 375–82.
L. Samek, B.C. De Cooman, J. Van Slycken, P. Verleysen, and J. Degrieck: Int. Conf. on Advanced High Strength Sheet Steels for Automotive Application Proceedings, Winter Park, CO, 2004, pp. 361–74.
L. Samek, B.C. De Cooman, J. Van Slycken, P. Verleysen, and J. Degrieck: Steel Res., 2004, No. 11, pp. 716–23.
G.B. Olson and M. Cohen: Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, p. 791.
K.R. Kinsman, E. Eichen, and H.I. Aaronson: Metall. Trans. A, 1975, vol. 6A, pp. 346–48.
W.T. Reynolds, S.S. Brenner, and H.I. Aaronson: Scripta Metall., 1988, vol. 22, pp. 1343–48.
R.I. Entin: in Decomposition of Austenite by Diffusional Processes, V.F. Zackay and H.I. Aaronson, eds., Interscience, New York, NY, 1962, pp. 295–304.
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia and D.D. Edmonds: Metall. Trans. A, 1979, vol. 10A, pp. 895–907.
R.F. Hehemann: Phase Transformation, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1970, pp. 397–432.
M.-X. Zhang and P.M. Kelly: Mater. Characterization, 1998, vol. 40, pp. 159–68.
M.D. Meyer, D. Vanderschueren, and B.C. De Cooman: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1999, vol. 39 (8), pp. 819–28.
J. Mahieu: Ph.D. Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 2004.
M. De Meyer, D. Vanderschueren, and B.C. De Cooman: Iron and Steelmaker, 2000, vol. 27 (2), pp. 55–63.
J. Maki, J. Mahieu, B.C. De Cooman, and S. Claessens: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2003, vol. 19, pp. 125–31.
J. Mahieu, J. Maki, B.C. De Cooman, and S. Claessens: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2002, vol. 33A, pp. 2573–80.
M. De Meyer, D. Vanderschueren, and B.C. De Cooman: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1999, vol. 39 (8), pp. 813–22.
L. Barbé, L. Tosal-Martínez, and B.C. De Cooman: Proc. Int. Conf. on TRIP-Aided High Strength Ferrous Alloys, B.C. De Cooman, ed., Wissenschafts verlag Mainz GmbH, Aachen, Germany, June 19–21, 2002, pp. 299–302.
J. Wang and S. Van Der Zwaag: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, vol. 32A, pp. 1527–39.
O. Matsumura, Y. Sakuma, and H. Takechi: Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 1987, vol. 27, pp. 570–79.
H.C. Chen, H. Era, and M. Shimizu: Metall. Trans. A, 1989, vol. 20A, pp. 437–45.
K. Sugimoto, M. Kobayashi, and S. Hashimoto: J. Jpn. Inst. Metall., 1990, vol. 54, pp. 657–63.
K. Sugimoto, N. Usui, M. Kobayashi, and S. Hashimoto: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1992, vol. 32, pp. 1311–18.
V.F. Zackay, D. Parker, D. Fahr, and R. Bush: Trans. ASM, 1967, vol. 60, pp. 252–59.
A.Z. Hanzaki, P.D. Hodgson, and S. Yue: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1997, vol. 28A, pp. 2405–14.
J.C. Fisher, J.H. Hollomon, and D. Turnbull: Trans. AIME, 1949, vol. 185, pp. 691–700.
K. Sugimoto, M. Misu, M. Kobayashi, and H. Shirasawa: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 1993, vol. 33 (7), pp. 775–82.
Z. Nishiyama: Marutensaito-Hentai-Kisohen, Maruzen, Tokyo, 1971, p. 204.
G.N. Haidemenopoulos, M. Grujicic, G.B. Olson, and M. Cohen: J. Alloys and Compounds, 1995, vol. 220, pp. 142–47.
N. Murai and T. Tsumura: Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1998, vol. 84, p. 48.
K. Sugimoto and M. Kobayashi: Proc. Symp. High Strength Steels for Automotive Industry, 36th MWSP Conf., C.E. Slater, Iron and Steel Society, Inc, Baltimore, MD, 1994, pp. 255–65.
J.R. Patel and M. Cohen: Acta. Metall., 1953, vol. 1, pp. 531–38.
W.-S. Lee and C.-F. Lin: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2002, vol. 18, pp. 869–76.
O. Moriau, L. Tosal-Martinez, P. Verleysen, and J. Degrieck: Proc. Int. Conf. on TRIP-Aided High Strength Ferrous Alloys, B.C. De Cooman, ed., Wissenschafts verlag Mainz GmbH, Aachen, Germany, June 19–21, 2002, pp. 247–51.
R.-Y. Fu, X.-C. Wei, L. Li, B.C. De Cooman, P. Wollants, X.-D. Zhu, and L. Wang: Proc. Int. Conf. on TRIP-Aided High Strength Ferrous Alloys, B.C. De Cooman, ed., Wissenschafts verlag Mainz GmbH, Aachen, Germany, June 19–21, 2002, pp. 287–91.
I. Tamura, T. Maki, H. Hato, Y. Tomota, and M. Okada: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Strength of Metals and Alloys, Metals Park, OH, 1970, vol. 3.
J.P. Bressanelli and A. Moskowitz: Trans. ASM, 1966, vol. 59, pp. 223–29.
Y. Fukase, K. Ebato, N. Okubo, and S. Matsuo: J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1968, vol. 32, p. 38.
H. Hirano, M. Sudo, and Y. Yutori: J. Jpn. Inst. Met., 1969, vol. 33, p. 975.
T. Angel: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1954, vol. 177, pp. 165–74.
D.C. Ludwingson and J.A. Berger: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1969, vol. 207, pp. 63–69.
J. Burke: Kinetics of Phase Transformation in Metals, Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1965.
O. Matsumura, Y. Sakuma, and H. Takechi: Scripta Metall., 1987, vol. 21, pp. 1301–06.
N. Tsuchida and Y. Tomota: Mater. Sci. Eng., 2000, vol. A285, pp. 345–52.
K. Sugimoto, M. Kobayashi, and S. Hashimoto: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1992, vol. 23A, pp. 3085–91.
I.Y. Pychmintsev, R.A. Savrai, B.C. De Cooman, and O. Moriau: Proc. Int. Conf. on TRIP-Aided High Strength Ferrous Alloys, B.C. De Cooman, ed., Wissenschafts verlag Mainz GmbH, Aachen, Germany, June 19–21, 2002, pp. 299–302.
W.W. Gerberich, G. Thomas, E.R. Parker, and V.F. Zackay: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Strength of Metals and Alloys, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1970, vol. 3, pp. 894–99.
JRC. Guimarães: Scripta Metall., 1972, vol. 6, pp. 795–803.
A.N. Vasilakos, K. Papamantellos, G.N. Haidemenopoulos, and W. Bleck: Steel Res., 1999, vol. 70 (11), pp. 466–71.
F.S. LePera: J. Met., 1980, pp. 38–39.
M. Onink, C.M. Brakman, F.D. Tichelaar, E.J. Mittemeijer, S. van der Zwaag, J.H. Root, and N.B. Konyer: Scripta Metall. Mater., 1993, vol. 29 (8), pp. 1011–16.
R.C. Ruhl and M. Cohen: Trans. TMS-AIME, 1969, vol. 245, pp. 241–51.
A. Itami, M. Takahashi, and K. Usihioda: Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. Int., 1995, vol. 35 (9), pp. 1121–27.
M. De Meyer: Ph.D. Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 2001.
J.R. Patel and M. Cohen: Acta Metall., 1953, vol. 1, pp. 531–8.
I. Tamura: Met. Sci., 1982, vol. 16, pp. 245–53.
P. Payson and C.H. Savage: Trans. ASM, 1944, vol. 33, pp. 261–80.
E.S. Rowland and S.R. Lyle: Trans. ASM, 1946, vol. 37, pp. 27–47.
A.E. Nehrenberg: Trans. AIME, 1946, vol. 167, pp. 494–98.
K.W. Andrews: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1965, vol. 203, pp. 721–27.
W. Steven and A.G. Haynes: J. Iron Steel Inst., 1956, vol. 183, pp. 349–59.
R.A. Grange and H.M. Stewart: Trans. AIME, 1946, vol. 167, pp. 467–90.
L.A. Carapella: Met. Progr., American Society for Metals, 1944, vol. 46, p. 108.
J. Mahieu and B.C. De Cooman: unpublished research.
A.N. Vasilakos, J. Ohlert, K. Giasla, G.N. Haidemenopoulos, and W. Bleck: Proc. Int. Conf. on TRIP-Aided High Strength Ferrous Alloys, B.C. De Cooman, ed., Wissenschafts verlag Mainz GmbH, Aachen, Germany, June 19–21, 2002, pp. 277–80.
K. Ishida and T. Nishizawa: Trans. JIM, 1974, vol. 15, p. 225.
Y.-K. Lee and C.-S. Choi: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2000, vol. 31A, pp. 355–60.
G.N. Haidemenopoulos and A.N. Vasilakos: J. Alloys Compounds, 1997, vol. 247, pp. 128–33.
G.N. Haidemenopoulos and A. Vasilakos: Steel Res., 1996, vol. 67 (11), pp. 513–19.
H. Chang and T.Y. Hsu: Acta. Metall., 1986, vol. 34, pp. 333–38.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Samek, L., De Moor, E., Penning, J. et al. Influence of alloying elements on the kinetics of strain-induced martensitic nucleation in low-alloy, multiphase high-strength steels. Metall Mater Trans A 37, 109–124 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0157-0
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-0157-0