Abstract
The comparative effects of salinity and drought on activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and contents of protein, proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carotenoids were studied in calluses of Salicornia persica and Salicornia europaea. Calluses were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS medium) containing iso-osmotic concentrations of NaCl (100, 300, and 600 mM) and mannitol (200, 500, and 1000 mM). Proline content increased in calluses of both species under NaCl- and mannitol-induced stresses. Under both stresses, S. persica accumulated higher amounts of protein as compared to S. europaea. Under both stresses, protein content in S. persica decreased in comparison to control. Antioxidant enzyme activities showed different trends in the two Salicornia species under salt and drought stresses but were higher in S. europaea than in S. persica. Changes of hydrogen peroxide and MDA contents of calluses subjected to salt stress followed a pattern different from that observed under drought stress. MDA content showed similar changes to hydrogen peroxide content. Carotenoid content decreased in both species under both stresses. Overall, at the cellular level, S. europaea calluses were more tolerant to both NaCl- and mannitol-induced stresses than calluses of S. persica.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abeles F. B.; Biles C. L. Characterization of peroxidases in lignifying peach fruit endocarp. Plant Physiol 95: 269–273; 1991.
Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105: 121–126; 1984.
Aghaleh M.; Niknam V.; Ebrahimzadeh H.; Razavi K. Salt stress effects on growth, pigments, proteins and lipid peroxidation in Salicornia persica and S. europaea. Biol Plant 53: 243–248; 2009.
Agastian P.; Kingsley S. J.; Vivekanandan M. Effect of salinity on photosynthesis and biochemical characteristics in mulberry genotypes. Photosynthetica 38: 287–290; 2000.
Ahmad M. S. A.; Javed F.; Ashraf M. Iso-osmotic effect of NaCl and PEG on growth, cations and free proline accumulation in callus tissue of two indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Plant Growth Regul 53: 53–63; 2007.
Akhani H. Salicornia persica Akhani (Chenopodiaceae), a remarkable new species from central Iran. Linzer Biol Bietr 35: 607–612; 2003.
Asharaf M.; Harris P. J. C. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci 166: 3–16; 2004.
Badawi G. H.; Yamauchi Y.; Shimada E.; Sasaki R.; Kawano N.; Tanaka K.; Tanaka K. Enhanced tolerance to salt stress and water deficit by overexpressing superoxide dismutase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chloroplasts. Plant Sci 166: 919–928; 2004.
Badiani M.; De Biasi M. G.; Colognola M.; Artemi F. Catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activies in seedlings submitted to increasing water deficit. Agrochimica 34: 90–102; 1990.
Basu S.; Gangopadhyay G.; Mukherjee B. B. Salt tolerance in rice in vitro: implication of accumulation of Na+, K+ and proline. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 69: 55–64; 2002.
Bates L. S.; Waldren R. P.; Teare I. D. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39: 205–207; 1973.
Blokhina O.; Virolainen E.; Fagerstedt K. V. Antioxidants, oxidative damage and oxygen deprivation stress; a review. Ann Bot 91: 179–194; 2003.
Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248–254; 1976.
Carretero C. L.; Cantos M.; García J. L.; Troncoso A. In vitro–ex vitro salt (NaCl) tolerance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) plants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 43: 364–369; 2007.
Cherian S.; Reddy M. P. Evaluation on NaCl tolerance in callus cultures of Suaeda nudiflora Moq. Biol Plant 46: 193–198; 2003.
Das N.; Misra M.; Misra A. N. Sodium chloride salt stress induced metabolic changes in pearl millet callus: free solutes. J Plant Physiol 37: 244–246; 1990.
Demir Y.; Kocaliskan I. Effects of NaCl and proline on polyphenol oxidase activity in bean seedlings. Biol Plant 44: 607–609; 2001.
Dionisio-Sese M. L.; Tobita S. Antioxidant responses of rice seedlings to salinity stress. Plant Sci 135: 1–9; 1998.
Foyer C. H.; Lelandais M.; Galap C.; Kunert K. J. Effect of elevated cytosolic glutathione reductase activity on the cellular glutathione pool and photosynthesis in leaves under normal and stress conditions. Plant Physiol 97: 863–872; 1991.
Gangopadhyay G.; Basu S.; Gupta S. In vitro selection and physiological characterization of NaCl- and mannitol adapted callus lines in Brassica juncea. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 50(3): 161–169; 1997.
Ge T. D.; Sui F. G.; Bai L. P.; Lu Y. Y.; Zhou G. S. Effects of water stress on the protective enzymes and lipid peroxidation in roots and leaves of summer maize. Agr Sci China 5: 291–298; 2006.
Giannopolitis C. N.; Ries S. K. Superoxide dismutases II. purification and quantitative relationship with water-soluble protein in seedlings. Plant Physiol 59: 315–318; 1977.
Hall J. L.; Flowers T. J. The effects of NaCl on protein synthesis in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Planta 110: 361–368; 1973.
Hanson A. D.; Hitz W. D. Metabolic responses of mesophytes to plant water deficits. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 33: 163–203; 1982.
Hasegawa P. M.; Bressan R. A.; Handa S.; Handa A. K. Cellular mechanisms of tolerance to water stress. Hort Sci 19: 371–377; 1984.
Heath R. L.; Packer L. Photoperoxidatin in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stochiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 125: 189–198; 1968.
Hernandez J. A.; Corpas F. J.; Gomez M.; Del Rio L. A.; Sevilla F. Salt induced oxidative stress mediated by activated oxygen species in pea leaf mitochondria. Physiol Plant 89: 103–110; 1993.
Jaaska V. Isoenzyme diversity and phylogenetic affinities among the Phaseolus beans (Fabaceae). Plant Syst Evol 200: 233–252; 1996.
Koca H.; Ozdemir F.; Turkan I. Effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities of Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennel. Biol Plant 50: 745–748; 2006.
Kozlowski T. T. Response of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiol Monogr 1: 1–24; 1997.
Kumara S. G.; Reddy A. M.; Sudhakar C. NaCl effects on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) with contrasting salt tolerance. Plant Sci 165: 1245–1251; 2003.
Lee D. L.; Kim Y. S.; Lee C. B. The inductive responses of the antioxidant enzymes by salt stress in the rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Plant Physiol 158: 737–745; 2001.
Lefèvre I.; Gratia A.; Lutts S. Discrimination between the ionic and osmotic component of stress in relation to free polyamine level in rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Sci 161: 943–952; 2001.
Lichtenthaler H.; Wellburm A. R. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem Soc Trans 603: 591–593; 1983.
Logini B.; Scartazza A.; Brugnoli E.; Navari-Izzo F. Antioxidative defense system, pigment composition, and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiol 119: 1091–1099; 1999.
Luna M.; Badiani M.; Felice M.; Artemi F.; Germanni G. Selective enzyme inactivation under water stress in maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestium L.) seedlings. Environ Exp Bot 25: 153–156; 1985.
Lutts S.; Kinet J. M.; Bouharmont J. Effects of various salts and of mannitol on ion and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus cultures. J Plant Physiol 149: 186–195; 1996a.
Lutts S.; Kinet J. M.; Bouharmont J. NaCl-induced senescence in leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Ann Bot 78: 389–398; 1996b.
Lutts S.; Kinet J. M.; Bouharmont J. Improvement of rice callus regeneration in the presence of NaCl. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 57: 3–11; 1999.
Mass E. V.; Ogata G.; Finkel M. H. Salt induced inhibition of phosphate transport and release of membrane proteins from barley roots. Plant Physiol 64: 139–143; 1979.
McCue K. F.; Hanson A. D. Drought and salt tolerance: towards understanding and application. Trend Biotechnol 8: 358–362; 1990.
Murashige T.; Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473–497; 1962.
O’Leary J. W.; Glenn E. P.; Watson M. C. Agriculture production of halophytes irrigated with seawater. Plant Soil 89: 311–321; 1985.
Quartacci M. F.; Navari-Izzo F. Water stress and free radical mediated changes in sun flower seedlings. J Plant Physiol 142: 621–625; 1992.
Parida A. K.; Das A. B.; Das P. NaCl stress causes changes in photosynthetic pigments, proteins and other metabolic components in the leaves of a true mangrove, Bruguiera parviflora, in hydroponic cultures. J Plant Biol 45: 28–36; 2002.
Raymond J.; Rakariyatham N.; Azanza J. L. Purification and some properties of polyphenoloxidase from sunflower seeds. Phytochem 34: 927–931; 1993.
Shalata A.; Tal M. The effect of salt stress on lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the of the cultivated tomato and its wild salt-tolerant relative Lycopersicon pennellii. Physiol Plant 104: 169–174; 1998.
Solomon A.; Beer S.; Waisel Y.; Jones G. P.; Poleg L. G. Effect of NaCl on the carboxylating activity of Rubisco from Tamarix jordanis in the presence and absence of proline related compatible solutes. Physiol Plant 90: 189–204; 1994.
Sreenivasulu N.; Ramanjulu S.; Rmachandra-Kini K.; Prakash H. S.; Shekar-Shetty H.; Savithri H. S.; Sudhakar C. Total peroxidase activity and peroxidase isoforms as modified by salt stress in two cultivars of fox-tail millet with differential salt tolerance. Plant Sci 141: 1–9; 1999.
Stavarek S. J.; Rains D. W. The development of tolerance to mineral stress. Hort Sci 19: 377–382; 1984.
Tripathi B. N.; Gaur J. P. Relationship between copper- and zinc-induced oxidative stress and praline accumulation in Scenedesmus sp. Planta 219: 397–404; 2004.
Valentovic P.; Luxova M.; Kolarovic L.; Gasparíkova O. Effect of osmotic stress on compatible solutes content, membrane stability and water relations in two maize cultivars. Plant Soil Environ 52(4): 186–191; 2006.
Van Resenburg L.; Kruger G. H. J.; Kruger H. Proline accumulation as drought tolerance selection criterion: its, relationship to membrane integrity and chloroplast ultrastructure in Nicotiana tabacum L. J Plant Physiol 141: 188–194; 1993.
Velikova V.; Yordanov I.; Edreva A. Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants. Protective role of exogenous polyamines. Plant Sci 151: 59–66; 2000.
Ying H. C.; Chen Y. M.; Huang C. Y. Role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes in salt tolerance mechanism of soybean plants grown under salt stress condition. Taiwania 44: 21–34; 1995.
Zhang F.; Yang Y. L.; He W. L.; Zhao X.; Zhang X. Effects of salinity on growth and compatible solutes of callus induced from Populus euphratica. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 40: 491–494; 2004.
Acknowledgments
The financial support of this research was provided by College of Science, University of Tehran. The authors thank Dr. H. Akhani for providing the seeds of S. persica.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor: John Finer
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Torabi, S., Niknam, V. Effects of Iso-osmotic Concentrations of NaCl and Mannitol on some Metabolic Activity in Calluses of Two Salicornia species. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 47, 734–742 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9371-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9371-6